Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2009 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE

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3/4 So far, experiments were performed using one cyanine dye with a mobile counter ion (CyC, Fig. 1) and one dye with a bound counter ion (an internal salt). For the latter case, we concluded that van der Waals forces are responsible for film break-up, and the theoretical predictions for thickness ranges that result in stable, metastable or unstable films could be readily realized experimentally [5]. The situation was different for CyC where all films were unstable, although a stable layered configuration with PCBM wetting CyC would be expected from the surface tension values alone. From our analysis we concluded that van der Waals forces and convective flows during spin coating do not play a major role for structure formation. A characteristic of CyC is that the positively charged cyanine is associated by the mobile negative perchlorate counter ion (Fig. 1). This can give rise to electrostatic forces in thin films, and space charge can build up if the anions diffuse from the cyanine layer into the PCBM phase. The thermodynamic model reveals that the transfer of ions lowers the free energy of the system. Surface and interface fluctuations favour continuing ion transfer, which amplifies the film undulations and effectively destabilizes the film. Fig. 2: Atomic force microscopy images of PCBM/cyanine dye films coated on glass from solution. The as-prepared film morphology consisted of circular PCBM domains with surprisingly uniform sizes (right). The left panel displays the continuous matrix of the complementary cyanine dye material. The individual components were made visible by treating the film with selective solvents. We found that liquid-liquid dewetting results in a large variety of phase morphologies, with tuneable dimensions well below 100 nm (Fig. 2). Qualitatively, the resulting type of morphology depends on the ratio of the layer thicknesses, whereas the dominant wavelength of the domains is determined by the absolute film thickness. These are material independent parameters and, therefore, the patterning method is rather robust. In ongoing experiments, we study the quantitative aspects of the dewetting process and adapt the concept to other cyanine dyes. National / international collaborations Collaboration with J. Groenewold (Uni Utrecht, NL) “Nanoscale structuring of heterojunction ionic organic solar cells by liquid-liquid dewetting,” project submitted to “Polymol;” a FP6 financed PV ERA NET project. Collaboration with J.-E. Moser (EPFL), photophysics of cyanine dyes studied by fast spectroscopy. Collaboration with U. Steiner (Cambridge), fundamental aspects of thin-film destabilization, external forces as a means for film structuring. Organic photovoltaic devices, F. Nüesch,Empa 133/290
Evaluation of 2008 and perspectives for <strong>2009</strong> We introduced a new concept to fabricate two-component thin films with nanostructured interface morphologies in a controlled way. The system consists of a blend of a cyanine dye and a fullerene derivative that destabilizes by liquid-liquid dewetting. We studied the structure formation mechanism and emphasized the parameters which are most important to influence the feature size. Based on the rather fundamental results obtained so far, a number of interesting points will be addressed and several follow-up projects have already been started. We address the physics of the liquid-liquid dewetting process in spin-coated cyanine/PCBM films in detail. Continuing studies on the driving mechanism of instability are necessary to confirm and quantify the model ("why", "when" and "how" ruptures the bilayer). The role and type of the mobile counter anion needs to be clarified. The solvent evaporation rate needs to be varied since it determines where the morphology is frozen in. Solar cells will be fabricated by applying the concept of cyanine dye doping to known film morphologies. Experiments will be carried out with different dopants, and the long-term stability of doped cells will be tested. Since each of the two components can be dissolved with selective solvents, a variety of semiconducting materials can be tested with cyanines or PCBM in photovoltaic devices of known film morphologies. The ability to tune the blend morphology will allow a detailed experimental analysis of the relation between morphology and solar cell efficiency. Such correlations are rare, since it is generally very difficult to adjust the morphology at the nanoscale of solution-processed thin films of mixtures of organic components. As identified by mathematical simulations, there is a tradeoff between a fine scale of phase separation (to optimize exciton dissociation) and a bicontinuous network with percolating paths to allow for efficient charge transport, and the highest light-to-current conversion efficiencies is expected to be measured at an intermediate interfacial area [6]. References [1] T. Geiger, H. Benmansour, B. Fan, R. Hany, F. Nüesch, Macromol. Rapid Commun. 2008, 29, 651. [2] B. Fan, R. Hany, J.-E. Moser, F. Nüesch, Org. Electronics 2008, 9, 85. [3] H. Benmansour, F.A. Castro, M. Nagel, J. Heier, R. Hany, F. Nüesch, Chimia 2007, 61, 787. [4] “Organischer Film und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines organischen Films mit neuartigen optischen Eigenschaften”, Schweizer Patentanmeldung Nr. 01660/08. [5] J. Heier, J. Groenewold, S. Huber, F. Nüesch, R. Hany, Langmuir 2008, 24, 7316. [6] J. Heier, J. Groenewold, F.A. Castro, F. Nüesch, R. Hany, Proc. of SPIE 2008, 6999, 69991J. Organic photovoltaic devices, F. Nüesch,Empa 134/290 4/4
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Forschung, April 2009 Programm Phot
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Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2009
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B. Ruhstaller, R. Häusermann, N. A
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PROGRAMM PHOTOVOLTAIK Eidgenössisc
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1. Programmschwerpunkte und anvisie
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Eine zweite Kategorie von Projekten
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Im Integrierten EU-Projekt ATHLET [
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Figur 3: Prototyp eines monolithisc
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SOLARMODULE UND GEBÄUDEINTEGRATION
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BEGLEITENDE THEMEN Das PSI beteilig
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Programme abgeschlossen. Die erste
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Messkampagnen - Messkampagne Wittig
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zielführend eingesetzt werden. Das
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[43] P. Renaud, L. Perret, (pierre.
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11. Verwendete Abkürzungen (inkl.
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D. Güttler, S. Bücheler, S. Seyrl
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Goals of the project The global pro
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1.2. Comparison of ZnO and SiOx int
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2. Processes 2.1. Microcrystalline
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3.2. Amorphous/amorphous silicon ta
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Fig.14: TEM cross section microcrys
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EQE 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 12.4 11.7 1
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4.7 Summary and perspectives for wo
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Acknowledgements We thank all the P
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Goals of the project The goals of t
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Eidgenössisches Departement für U
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3/3 on the front side. All the laye
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Introduction / Project Goals Prior
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3/4 Effective light trapping scheme
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Département fédéral de l’envir
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3/6 The Athlet consortium comprises
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5/6 Large area thin-film silicon ce
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3/4 Der verbesserte Lichteinfang is
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3/5 Results Microstructure characte
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5/5 Mechanical testing: The mechani
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Introduction / Project goals The fo
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Page 131 and 132: Introduction Dye-sensitized solar c
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9/10 NanoPEC Partner IEA HIA Annex
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Module und Gebäudeintegration T. S
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Einleitung / Projektziele Obwohl be
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ULTRALIGHT PHOTOVOLTAIC STRUCTURES
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3/8 Task 2. Encapsulation of Si-bas
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5/8 Figure 9: polyester/glass fiber
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7/8 Figure 16: Flexible DSCmodule F
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Systemtechnik D. Chianese, N. Cereg
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Aim of the project The aim of the
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The short circuit current of each P
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TEST cycle 11 In 2008 a new 15 mont
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Evaluation 2008 and prospects for 2
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1. Traceable performance measuremen
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formed with two standard halogen la
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3. Modelling and analysis (SP4) 3.1
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Figure 3 shows a summary of the RR
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Projektziele für 2008 � Fortfüh
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Interessant ist die Beobachtung, da
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Wechselrichtertests Im Bereich der
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Stress limits for bypass diodes for
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Objectives SoS-PV (Security of Supp
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Finally, strategies for demand side
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~ Mains terminal Synchronisation &
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International collaboration SoS-PVi
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The cumulative installed PV power i
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5/5 Workshops Grid Parity & Beyond
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Einleitung / Projektziele Die Ziele
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Dank der Projektdatenbank vom Task
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Nationale und internationale Zusamm
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Einleitung Anfangs 2008 konnte die
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Das Verfahren für Projektanträge
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Skizze - nicht eintreten 13% Gesuch
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Community Based Rural Income throug
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Licht für Bildung und Entwicklung
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Département fédéral de l’envir
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3/6 SOUS-TÂCHE 2 « PLANIFICATION,
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5/6 Conformément au plan de travai
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3. Durchgeführte Arbeiten und erre
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kg/m2 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Fassadenaufst
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3/5 Table 2: Sites used for benchma
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5/5 Figure 2: Example of forecasted
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2/6 Einleitung / Projektziele Der r
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4/6 Die Technical Standards (TS) zu
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6/6 Im Jahr 2008 neu publizierte No
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Introduction and Goals PV ERA NET i
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Operational Level The networking ac
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Topical Areas: Complementarities, G
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International Cooperation According
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