Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2009 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE
Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2009 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2009 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE
Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation UVEK Bundesamt für Energie BFE MODELING, SIMULATION AND LOSS ANALYSIS OF DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS Annual Report 2008 1 1 2 2 Author and Co-Authors J. O. Schumacher, M. Schmid, G. Rothenberger, S. Wenger 1 Institution / Company Institute of Computational Physics (ICP), Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW); 2 Laboratoire de Photonique et Interfaces (LPI), Ecole Polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1 Address ICP, ZHAW, Postfach 805, CH-8401 Winterthur; 2 EPFL - SB - ISIC – LPI, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne Telephone, E-mail, Homepage +41 (0) 58 934 69 89, juergen.schumacher@zhaw.ch, http://www.zhaw.ch Project- / Contract Number GRS-064/07 Duration of the Project (from – to) 01.09.2008 - 30.09.2010 Date 08.12.2008 ABSTRACT Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) are an innovative technology for the production of electricity from solar energy, which was invented in Switzerland. In DSCs the sun light is harvested by an organic dye, adsorbed on a highly porous structure of titanium-dioxide nano-particles. In contrast to conventional silicon solar cells, the production processes of DSCs are based on relatively simple and inexpensive techniques, like e.g. screen printing. In addition no cost-intensive, exhaustible raw materials are needed. Therefore, DSCs could contribute an essential part to an economic production of solar energy for the future. DSCs are particularly suited for the use in alternative front glass elements in buildings or for local power supplies (e.g. sensor systems, light sources, consumer electronics). The goal of this project is to develop validated models for DSCs. Modeling of the coupled optical, electrical and electrochemical processes in the DSC allows us to analyze quantitatively the different loss mechanisms of the energy conversion in the solar cell. This is crucial to improve the efficiency of the DSCs and for the development of appropriate materials for commercial production of DSCs. The new DSC models will be implemented into accurate and efficient numerical algorithms and made accessible by a user-friendly software. The software is intended for the use by researchers at academic laboratories as well as developers working for potential DSC manufacturers. 127/290
Introduction Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) are an innovative technology for the production of electricity from solar energy. The DSC was invented by B. O'Regan and M. Grätzel in 1991 at the Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) [1,2]. In contrast to conventional silicon semiconductor solar cells, light is absorbed in DSCs by dye molecules bounded to the surface of a highly porous structure of nanoparticles of transparent TiO2. Dye excitation is followed by electron injection into the TiO2 and by dye reduction from a redox electrolyte filling the pores of the TiO2 film. Electrons are transported in the TiO2 nanoparticles to the front contact, which consists of a transparent conductive oxide layer (TCO). The contact to the redox electrolyte is made by a (catalyst-coated) back contact. The production process of DSCs is based on relatively simple and inexpensive techniques, like e.g. screen printing. In addition no cost-intensive, exhaustible raw materials are needed. Therefore, the contribution of DSCs could be essential for an economic production of solar energy in the future. Objectives The objective of this project is to develop validated models for the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC), in order to promote this innovative technology invented in Switzerland. These models aim at providing a mathematical description of the coupled optical, electrical and electrochemical processes taking place within the DSC [3,4]. This allows to analyze quantitatively the different loss channels of the energy conversion process within the DSC. Research and development of this type of solar cells could be accelerated to a large extent, if these new models are implemented into accurate and efficient numerical algorithms. It is a project goal to make the numerical algorithms accessible through a user-friendly software (e.g. with a graphical user interface) for research at academic laboratories and for DSC manufacturing companies. Such a software will be extremely helpful, in particular for the selection of appropriate materials for DSC production. In addition, the software should be applicable for the interpretation of measurement data and for the optimization of the different DSC parameters. Short description of the project Accurate modeling of DSCs should lead to a better understanding of the physical and electrochemical processes responsible for the energy conversion in DSCs [3,4] and to new approaches for their optimization. With a user-friendly simulation software available, these new approaches could be investigated in a cost-effective way and on a shorter timescale. Academic laboratories as well as possible DSC manufacturers could largely benefit from such a software. The project is carried out by the Institute of Computational Physics (ICP) at the Zurich University of Applied Science (ZHAW) and the Laboratoire de Photonique et Interfaces at the Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). The project is funded by the GEBERT RÜF STIFTUNG. The detailed project plan contains the following work packages: � Optical Model: In the optical simulation reflection and absorption losses are calculated and the spatially resolved generation of excited states is simulated. The optical model is based on thinfilm optics, ray-tracing, and effective medium theory [5,6]. � 1D through-plane Model: The 1D through-plane model describes the essential optical, electric and electrochemical processes taking place within the DSC. The most important processes are: charge carrier injection from the photoexcited dye molecules into the semiconductor, regeneration of the oxidized dye molecules by the electrolyte, electron transport through the nanoporous semiconductor, and recombination of electrons at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, diffusion and migration of the redox species in the electrolyte. With the 1D through-plane model the DSC operation at steady-state can be simulated and various quantities characterizing the cell, such as current-voltage curves or quantum efficiencies can be calculated. � Time-dependent 1D Model: A simplified time-dependent version of the 1D through-plane model is formulated for characterization purposes. � 2+1D Model: With a 2+1D numerical simulation, it is possible to account for lateral losses occurring in large solar cells. These losses cause a reduction in the efficiency of solar modules in comparison to small laboratory test cells. In addition, the 2+1D model allows us to simulate new cell geometries. 128/290 Modeling, simulation and loss analysis of dye-sensitized solar cells, J.O. Schumacher, ZHAW - ICP 2/3
- Page 80: 5/5 Mechanical testing: The mechani
- Page 83 and 84: Introduction / Project goals The fo
- Page 85 and 86: Optimization of CdS chemical bath d
- Page 87 and 88: Fig. 5: J-V curve (left) and extern
- Page 90 and 91: Eidgenössisches Departement für U
- Page 92 and 93: 3/7 Work performed and results achi
- Page 94 and 95: 5/7 Fig. 3: Raman spectra recorded
- Page 96: 7/7 Measurements of solar cells per
- Page 99 and 100: Introduction / project objectives T
- Page 101 and 102: Optimum Na dosage Sodium layer with
- Page 103 and 104: application might become more impor
- Page 105 and 106: In a second experiment the amount o
- Page 108 and 109: Eidgenössisches Departement für U
- Page 110 and 111: 3/9 After optimizing the In2S3 buff
- Page 112 and 113: 5/9 Indium sulfide layer characteri
- Page 114 and 115: 7/9 3) Semitransparent CIGS solar c
- Page 116: 9/9 Steps towards multi-junction so
- Page 119 and 120: Introduction / project objectives T
- Page 121 and 122: Figure 2: SEM picture of laser-abla
- Page 123 and 124: Introduction / project objectives T
- Page 125 and 126: Work progress and achievements duri
- Page 127 and 128: Furthermore, with a good reproducib
- Page 129: Main achievements - The association
- Page 134 and 135: Eidgenössisches Departement für U
- Page 136 and 137: 3/4 So far, experiments were perfor
- Page 138 and 139: Eidgenössisches Departement für U
- Page 140 and 141: 3/5 Tasks of the collaboration part
- Page 142: 5/5 Figure 4: Maximum achievable sh
- Page 145 and 146: Project Goals The goal is the estab
- Page 147 and 148: Evaluation 2008 and Outlook 2009 L'
- Page 149 and 150: Project Goals NAPOLYDE industrials
- Page 151 and 152: � Organic large solar panel and
- Page 153 and 154: Materials such as the conductive ca
- Page 155 and 156: National and international collabor
- Page 157 and 158: Project Goals The aim of FULLSPECTR
- Page 159 and 160: In addition, every two years, the P
- Page 161 and 162: The table below show the change of
- Page 163 and 164: The table below shows the change of
- Page 165 and 166: 4. The UV-A tests with PMMA films c
- Page 167 and 168: Introduction / Project Goals The co
- Page 169 and 170: Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of a
- Page 172 and 173: THINPV Eidgenössisches Departement
- Page 174 and 175: 3/6 IR laser source Pumping line IR
- Page 176 and 177: 5/6 Figure 2: Scheme of a monolithi
- Page 178 and 179: PECNET Eidgenössisches Departement
Eidgenössisches Departement <strong>für</strong><br />
Umwelt, Verkehr, <strong>Energie</strong> und Kommunikation UVEK<br />
<strong>Bundesamt</strong> <strong>für</strong> <strong>Energie</strong> <strong>BFE</strong><br />
MODELING, SIMULATION AND<br />
LOSS ANALYSIS OF DYE-SENSITIZED<br />
SOLAR CELLS<br />
Annual Report 2008<br />
1 1 2 2<br />
Author and Co-Authors<br />
J. O. Schumacher, M. Schmid, G. Rothenberger, S. Wenger<br />
1<br />
Institution / Company<br />
Institute of Computational Physics (ICP), Zürcher Hochschule <strong>für</strong><br />
Angewandte Wissenschaften (ZHAW);<br />
2<br />
Laboratoire de Photonique et Interfaces (LPI), Ecole Polytechnique<br />
fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)<br />
1<br />
Address<br />
ICP, ZHAW, Postfach 805, CH-8401 Winterthur;<br />
2<br />
EPFL - SB - ISIC – LPI, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne<br />
Telephone, E-mail, Homepage +41 (0) 58 934 69 89, juergen.schumacher@zhaw.ch,<br />
http://www.zhaw.ch<br />
Project- / Contract Number GRS-064/07<br />
Duration of the Project (from – to) 01.09.2008 - 30.09.2010<br />
Date 08.12.2008<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC) are an innovative technology for the production of electricity from<br />
solar energy, which was invented in Switzerland. In DSCs the sun light is harvested by an organic<br />
dye, adsorbed on a highly porous structure of titanium-dioxide nano-particles. In contrast to conventional<br />
silicon solar cells, the production processes of DSCs are based on relatively simple and inexpensive<br />
techniques, like e.g. screen printing. In addition no cost-intensive, exhaustible raw materials<br />
are needed. Therefore, DSCs could contribute an essential part to an economic production of solar<br />
energy for the future. DSCs are particularly suited for the use in alternative front glass elements in<br />
buildings or for local power supplies (e.g. sensor systems, light sources, consumer electronics).<br />
The goal of this project is to develop validated models for DSCs. Modeling of the coupled optical,<br />
electrical and electrochemical processes in the DSC allows us to analyze quantitatively the different<br />
loss mechanisms of the energy conversion in the solar cell. This is crucial to improve the efficiency of<br />
the DSCs and for the development of appropriate materials for commercial production of DSCs. The<br />
new DSC models will be implemented into accurate and efficient numerical algorithms and made<br />
accessible by a user-friendly software. The software is intended for the use by researchers at academic<br />
laboratories as well as developers working for potential DSC manufacturers.<br />
127/290
Change language