Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2008 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE

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LARCIS Eidgenössisches Departement für Umwelt, Verkehr, Energie und Kommunikation UVEK Bundesamt für Energie BFE Large-Area CIS Based Solar Modules for Highly Productive Manufacturing Annual Report 2007 Author and Co-Authors D. Brémaud, A. N. Tiwari Institution / Company ETH Zürich Address Thin Film Physics Group, Technoparkstr. 1, 8005 Zürich Telephone, E-mail, Homepage +41 44 633 79 49, tiwari@phys.ethz.ch, http://www.tfp.ethz.ch Project- / Contract Number SES66-CT-2005-019757 / FP6-019757 Duration of the Project (from – to) 01.11.2005 – 31.10.2009 Date 31.01.2008 ABSTRACT This European collaborative project within the FP-6 EU program involves 6 universities and 4 industries working together towards the development of large area Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) based thin film solar modules for highly productive manufacturing. The project will improve the device performance and manufacturing technologies for low-cost, more stable, more efficient solar modules. In this project vacuum evaporation and electrodeposition approaches are used for absorber deposition and other components of the solar cells are improved. Important objectives of the overall project are manufacture of CIGS by co-evaporation, application of cost-effective methods and development of alternative buffer and back contact layers for large are CIGS. To meet the above mentioned objectives, research and development (R&D) work of the ETH group is directed on the development of alternative back contacts for improvement of efficiency, stability and to explore the possibility of reducing the CIGS absorber layer thickness. Another R&D activity of the ETH group is to modify the CIS absorber in such a way that a separate deposition of the buffer layer could be avoided. In order to develop alternative (to Mo) electrical back contacts providing multi-functionality we have investigated ZrN as possible candidate because of its physical and chemical properties. A thin layer of MoSe2, which is known to facilitate ohmic transport of carriers between CIGS and back contact, was applied prior to CIGS deposition. The influence of the MoSe2 intermediate layer was investigated. We have successfully developed cells with efficiencies up to almost 14% by using postdeposition Na incorporation method. The achieved efficiencies are comparable to the efficiencies with conventional 1 micron thick Mo layer or on TiN. SIMS measurements were also performed to investigate some inconsistencies observed on TiN and reported in the previous report. The microstructural behavior and the photovoltaic properties of different Na incorporation methods have also been investigated. The results show that Na influences the grain size of the CIGS layer, if present during growth, but post-deposition incorporation gives better photovoltaic properties for deposition at low substrate temperatures. Seite 89 von 288
Seite 90 von 288 Introduction / project objectives The overall objective of the project is to develop advanced manufacturing technologies for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIS or CIGS) thin-film solar modules both for the electrodeposition and coevaporation approach. This comprises technology transfer from laboratory scale to enable large area industrial production. The project will improve the manufacturing techniques for low-cost, stable, efficient CIS thin film solar modules on large area. This includes work on the molybdenum back contact, the buffer layer, the CIS absorber and the quality and process control. Special emphasis is placed on the development of cadmium-free large-area modules and of electrodeposition methods for CIS absorbers. Results of the work will be transferred from the laboratory scale to the operating (pilot) manufacturing plants in Germany, Sweden and France. The work in the project will improve the average and peak efficiency of the modules produced in the manufacturing plants of the industrial partners Würth Solar, Solibro and EDF. Modifications of the back contact (process and composition) and doping of the absorber will contribute to these improvements. Existing uncertainties concerning the stability of modules with alternative cadmium-free buffers will be eliminated and the transfer of the processes to the manufacturing plant will be prepared. To fulfill the conditions for rapid entrance in the industrial production there is a need to consolidate and extend the results on one side and to increase the acceptability of the process on the other side. The project will contribute significantly to this objective by giving a frame for knowledge development, know-how exchange and cross-fertilizations between the groups and technologies involved in the project, i.e. between co-evaporation and electrodeposition methods of CIGS formation. Short description of the project In order for the commercial production of large Cu(In,Ga)Se2 based modules on the multi-megawatt scale to be successful, the processes must still be streamlined and optimized taking both economical and ecological aspects into consideration. This project aims to support the development of this materialand energy-saving thin-film technology so it can gain a foothold in the free photovoltaic market. Promising laboratory results will be transferred to large-scale production, where the availability of appropriate production equipment and very high material and process yields are of decisive importance. Six universities and research centers and four companies are working closely together in order to merge the physical understanding of the processes and the engineering know-how, both of which are necessary for up-scaling the CIS technology to a marketable multi-megawatt production volume. The project tasks will focus on: (1) very high-quality modules manufactured by coevaporation of CIS and applying cost-effective methods, efficiency > 13.5 % on 0.7 m 2 . (2) the development of cadmium-free buffer layers for cadmium-free CIS modules on an area of up to 0.7 m 2 , efficiency > 12 %. (3) and the development of a mid-term alternative: electrodeposition of low-cost CIS modules with efficiency � 10 % on 0.1 m 2 (estimated cost < 0.8 €/Wp). The consortium will transfer the molybdenum back contact sputtering know-how to a specialized European large-area glass coater to provide substrates for both the coevaporation and the electrodeposition approaches. All process developments such as modifications of the back contact, wet- or vacuum-deposited buffer layers, the multi-stage coevaporation of CIS, or improved gallium incorporation in electrodeposited absorbers will first be tested and evaluated on the laboratory scale. Successful approaches will be up-scaled and transferred to three independent commercial CIS pilot lines located in three different European countries. Novel process and quality control techniques must also be developed and applied to reach these ambitious goals. The contributions of the ETH Zurich to this project are: � Investigation of Mo pre-solemnization and Na doping methods and mechanisms � Investigation of TiN and ZrN as back contact layer � Introduction of a novel MoX/Mo back contact to enhance Mo stability � ETHZ will develop a modified absorber without the need for a buffer layer for reduction of production costs � Correlation of I/V results of heated and light-soaked samples with growth process in order to increase the device stability LARCIS, D. Brémaud, ETH Zurich 2/6
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Forschung, April 2008 Programm Phot
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Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2008
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T. Meyer ORGAPVNET: Coordination Ac
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PROGRAMM PHOTOVOLTAIK Eidgenössisc
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1. Programmschwerpunkte und anvisie
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Ein neues KTI-Projekt Flexible Phot
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Performanz und Energieproduktion vo
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ERGÄNZENDE PROJEKTE UND STUDIEN En
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in diesem Projekt für die Koordina
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5. Pilot- und Demonstrationsprojekt
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Produktionskapazität von insgesamt
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[26] H. Häberlin, L. Borgna, D. Gf
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[89] Konzept der Energieforschung d
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Solarzellen C. Ballif, J. Bailat, F
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Projektziele In der Schweiz bestehe
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Energy Center (EC) der EPFL Univers
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BIPV-CIS Eidgenössisches Departeme
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1. Traceable performance measuremen
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The following list shows the measur
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data sets. The indoor data sets con
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Einleitung / Projektziele Herstelle
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IEC 62548 Installation and Safety R
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Referenzen Eine vollständige Liste
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Introduction and Goals PV ERA NET i
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WP2: Strategy Issues: The main acti
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A dedicated transnational call “P
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Databases have been developed for o
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Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2008 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE

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