Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2008 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE

More documents

Recommendations

Info

9/10 6. Conclusion and Outlook The life cycle inventories of photovoltaic power plants performed for the ecoinvent data v2.0 can be assumed to be representative for photovoltaic plants and for the average photovoltaic mix in Switzerland and in other European countries in the year 2005. The analysis of the results shows that it is quite important to take the real market situation (raw material supply, electricity, etc.) into account. Differences for the situation in other European countries in comparison to the data modelled for Switzerland are mainly due to different solar irradiation accounted for and the performance ratio. These factors must also be taken into account along with the technology development level for comparisons with other types of electricity generation. Other factors like differences in the shares of imports from different PV producing regions or types of PV cells have not been modelled. It should be considered that the inventory may not be valid for wafers and panels produced outside of Europe or the US, because production technologies and power mix for production processes are generally not the same. The datasets on PV electricity in non-European countries should thus be revised as soon as data are available for production patterns in more producing countries e.g. Japan. For the modelling of a specific power plant or of power plant mixes not addressed in this study it is necessary to consider at least the annual yield (kWh/kWp) and if possible also the actual size of the plant in square metres. Furthermore it is necessary to clearly define if average, plant-specific or optimum performance ratios are taken into account. The analysis in this report is focused on the today production patterns and operation results. For the comparison of energy technologies, it is advisable to take into account also future development potentials. Several studies are available for PV technologies, which take into account also possible future improvements in the production chain. The analysis of the environmental impacts with different LCIA methods shows that it is quite important to include process specific emissions of the production chain. Many, but not all possible emissions are investigated in this study. It is necessary to evaluate all types of environmental impacts with different LCIA methodologies if photovoltaic power plants shall be compared with other energy systems. Compared to earlier investigations of PV, today the inverter and mounting systems get more and more importance. For most indicators these so called balance of system (BOS) elements have a share of 30% to 50%. On the one side, this is due to the improvements, which could be observed for the production chain until the photovoltaic cell. On the other side, now a more detailed investigation of these additional elements is available, which for example includes also electronic components of the inverter. All data are public available for members of ecoinvent data v2.0. They have been published in November 2007 (www.ecoinvent.org). A CD ROM with the background reports will be provided to the customers in early 2008 [13]. Results of this project have been presented during two conferences [14, 15]. An article for Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. is in preparation [16]. 7. Recommendation and Perspective The whole production chain for photovoltaics is subject to rapid changes. An example is the supply situation for the silicon feedstock, which totally changed during the last four years. Some emission data in the inventory are based only on single information source, some are from one specific producer only. Thus, they should be verified with data from other production companies and factories to the extent possible. In cases where several information sources were available, they showed partly a large variation. A general problem is that data had to be mixed from different sources with possibly different assumptions and boundaries. The projected lifetime is a key parameter for the assessment, but operational experience with the new technologies is not yet sufficient to derive reliable conclusions. Many production processes, especially for photovoltaic power, are still under development. Thus, future updates of the LCI should verify key assumptions on energy and material uses as well as emissions, which are important for the LCIA. The ecoinvent database provides detailed and transparent background data for a range of materials and services used in the production chain of photovoltaics. These data can also be used to assess the environmental impacts for the production of photovoltaic power plants in other countries or to investigate other technologies. Update Photovoltaics in view of ecoinvent data v2.0, N. Jungbluth, ESU-services GmbH Seite 225 von 288
Acknowledgments The research work on photovoltaics within the ecoinvent v2.0 project was financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA). These contributions are highly acknowledged. Mariska de Wild-Scholten and Erik Alsema provided us the data from the CrystalClear project. But, besides they send many interesting further information and helped for discussing the appropriate data for different PV technologies. Furthermore they contributed detailed comments to first drafts of the final report. Thank you to both of you. References [1] Jungbluth N & Tuchschmid M, Photovoltaics, in Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz, Dones R, (Editor). 2007, Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories: Dübendorf, CH. p. 180. www.ecoinvent.org. [2] de Wild-Scholten MJ & Alsema EA. Environmental Life Cycle Inventory of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Production. in Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Fall 2005 Meeting. 2005. Boston, USA. www.mrs.org. [3] Jungbluth N, Photovoltaik, in Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz, Dones R, (Editor). 2003, Final report ecoinvent 2000 No. 6-XII, Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories: Dübendorf, CH. www.ecoinvent.org. [4] Gaiddon B & Jedliczka M, Compared assessment of selected environmental indicators of photovoltaic electricity in OECD cities. 2006, This technical report has been prepared under the supervision of PVPS Task 10, PVPS Task 10, Activity 4.4, Report IEA-PVPS T10-01:2006, The compilation of this report has been supported by the French Agency for Environment and Energy Management, ADEMEIEA: Hespul, Villeurbanne, France. [5] Classen M, Althaus H-J, Blaser S, Doka G, et al., Life Cycle Inventories of Metals. 2007, CD-ROM, ecoinvent report No. 10, v2.0, EMPA Dübendorf, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories: Dübendorf, CH. www.ecoinvent.org. [6] Hostettler T, Solarstromstatistik 2005 mit Sonderfaktoren. Bulletin SEV/AES, 2006. 10(2006). [7] Sutter J, Life Cycle Inventories of Highly Pure Chemicals. 2007, CD-ROM, ecoinvent report No. 19, v2.0, ETH Zürich, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories: Dübendorf, CH. www.ecoinvent.org. [8] Frischknecht R, Bollens U, Bosshart S, Ciot M, et al., Ökoinventare von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. 1996, Auflage, 3, Gruppe Energie - Stoffe - Umwelt (ESU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich und Sektion Ganzheitliche Systemanalysen, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen: Bundesamt für Energie (Hrsg.), Bern, CH. www.energieforschung.ch. [9] Jungbluth N & Frischknecht R, Literaturstudie Ökobilanz Photovoltaikstrom und Update der Ökobilanz für das Jahr 2000. 2000, Programm Aktive Sonnenenergienutzung: Photovoltaik Bericht Nr. 39489, ESU-services for Bundesamt für Energie: Uster. p. 43. www.esu-services.ch. [10] Frischknecht R, Tuchschmid M, Faist Emmenegger M, Bauer C, et al., Strommix und Stromnetz, in Sachbilanzen von Energiesystemen: Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz, Dones R, (Editor). 2007, Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories: Dübendorf, CH. www.ecoinvent.org. [11] Šúri M, Huld TA, Dunlop ED, & Ossenbrink HA, Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries. Solar Energy Materials, 2007. 81: p. 1295–1305. http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/. [12] Frischknecht R, Hofstetter P, Knoepfel I, Dones R, et al., Ökoinventare für Energiesysteme. Grundlagen für den ökologischen Vergleich von Energiesystemen und den Einbezug von Energiesystemen in Ökobilanzen für die Schweiz. 1994, Auflage, 1, Gruppe Energie - Stoffe - Umwelt (ESU), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich und Sektion Ganzheitliche Systemanalysen, Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen: Bundesamt für Energie (Hrsg.), Bern. [13] ecoinvent Centre, ecoinvent data v2.0, ecoinvent reports No. 1-25. 2007, CD-ROM, Swiss Centre for Life Cycle Inventories: Duebendorf, Switzerland. www.ecoinvent.org. [14] Jungbluth N, Dones R, & Frischknecht R. Life cycle assessment of photovoltaics - Update of the ecoinvent database. in Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Fall 2007 Meeting. 2007. Boston, USA. www.mrs.org. [15] Jungbluth N & Frischknecht R. Life cycle assessment of photovoltaics in ecoinvent data v2.0. in SETAC Case Studies. 2007. Gothenburg. [16] Jungbluth N, Tuchschmid M, & de Wild-Scholten MJ, Life Cycle Assessment for Photovoltaics: Update for ecoinvent data v2.0. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl., 2008. to be submitted. Seite 226 von 288 Update Photovoltaics in view of ecoinvent data v2.0, N. Jungbluth, ESU-services GmbH 10/10
Page 1:
Forschung, April 2008 Programm Phot
Page 4 and 5:
Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2008
Page 6 and 7:
T. Meyer ORGAPVNET: Coordination Ac
Page 8 and 9:
PROGRAMM PHOTOVOLTAIK Eidgenössisc
Page 10 and 11:
1. Programmschwerpunkte und anvisie
Page 12 and 13:
Ein neues KTI-Projekt Flexible Phot
Page 14 and 15:
In einem neuen, durch den Axpo Natu
Page 16 and 17:
Performanz und Energieproduktion vo
Page 18 and 19:
ERGÄNZENDE PROJEKTE UND STUDIEN En
Page 20 and 21:
in diesem Projekt für die Koordina
Page 22 and 23:
5. Pilot- und Demonstrationsprojekt
Page 24 and 25:
Produktionskapazität von insgesamt
Page 26 and 27:
[26] H. Häberlin, L. Borgna, D. Gf
Page 28 and 29:
[89] Konzept der Energieforschung d
Page 30 and 31:
Solarzellen C. Ballif, J. Bailat, F
Page 32 and 33:
Département fédéral de l’envir
Page 34 and 35:
3/9 Fig. 1: Refractive index n and
Page 36 and 37:
5/9 V oc [mV] 940 920 900 880 860 8
Page 38 and 39:
7/9 Fig. 5: Top) SEM micrographs of
Page 40:
9/9 Acknowledgements The co-workers
Page 43 and 44:
Seite 40 von 288 Introduction and f
Page 45 and 46:
Seite 42 von 288 Introduction / Pro
Page 47 and 48:
Seite 44 von 288 Results The amorph
Page 49 and 50:
Seite 46 von 288 Collaborations IMT
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Seite 50 von 288 High efficiency so
Page 55 and 56:
Seite 52 von 288 Towards low costs
Page 58 and 59:
Eidgenössisches Departement für U
Page 60 and 61:
3/6 The Athlet consortium comprises
Page 62 and 63:
5/6 Large area cluster deposition s
Page 64 and 65:
SIWIS Département fédéral de l
Page 66 and 67:
3/6 Results Defects characterizatio
Page 68 and 69:
5/6 The test methodology was optimi
Page 70:
Page 73 and 74:
Seite 70 von 288 Summary of Applied
Page 75 and 76:
Seite 72 von 288 Table 5 summarizes
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
3/7 Figure 1: Vacuum deposition equ
Page 82 and 83:
5/7 Testing of thickness, chemical
Page 84:
7/7 Figure 6: Large area flexible s
Page 87 and 88:
Page 89 and 90:
Seite 86 von 288 Intensity / arb. u
Page 92 and 93:
LARCIS Eidgenössisches Departement
Page 94 and 95:
3/6 Work and results Alternative Ba
Page 96 and 97:
5/6 As expected the addition of Na
Page 98 and 99:
ATHLET Eidgenössisches Departement
Page 100 and 101:
3/9 ZnO:Al/ZnO was deposited by rf-
Page 102 and 103:
5/9 Figure 4: XRD pattern of powder
Page 104 and 105:
7/9 PBDVA temp [°C] 100 200 250 Bu
Page 106:
9/9 National and international coll
Page 109 and 110:
Introduction / Project Goals Thin f
Page 111 and 112:
Introduction The work to be reporte
Page 113 and 114:
Ongoing Work and Results 2007 Dye d
Page 115 and 116:
International Cooperation Internati
Page 117 and 118:
Introduction Dye-sensitized solar c
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 2: Upper panel: isodensity p
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124:
3/3 (a) (b) I N ClO ClO4- 4- Al ITO
Page 127 and 128:
Seite 124 von 288 Project Goals The
Page 129 and 130:
Seite 126 von 288 Within the activi
Page 131 and 132:
Seite 128 von 288 Typical UV-Vis sp
Page 133 and 134:
Seite 130 von 288 National and inte
Page 135 and 136:
Project Goals The goal is the estab
Page 138 and 139:
NAPOLYDE Département fédéral de
Page 140 and 141:
3/7 � PECVD/Sputtering Co-deposit
Page 142 and 143:
5/7 Work and results SP2.4 - Nanola
Page 144:
7/7 Evaluation 2007 and Outlook 200
Page 147 and 148:
Projektziele In der Schweiz bestehe
Page 149 and 150:
Die wichtigsten erreichten Ziele de
Page 151 and 152:
Energy Center (EC) der EPFL Univers
Page 153 and 154:
Für 2008 ist in Zusammenarbeit mit
Page 156 and 157:
BIPV-CIS Eidgenössisches Departeme
Page 158:
3/3 Bewertung 2007 und Ausblick 200
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
3/9 Service measurements In 2007 a
Page 166 and 167:
5/9 Type of meas. Direct with c-Si
Page 168 and 169:
7/9 c-Si reference cell for the mea
Page 170:
9/9 � 4 energy rating comparison
Page 173 and 174:
1. Traceable performance measuremen
Page 175 and 176:
The following list shows the measur
Page 177 and 178: data sets. The indoor data sets con
Page 179 and 180: The blind round-robin proved that o
Page 181 and 182: Einleitung / Projektziele Herstelle
Page 183 and 184: Abb. 1, und deren Mittelwert für d
Page 185 and 186: Aus Gleichung (1) ergeben sich der
Page 187 and 188: Abb. 7: Abhängigkeit des Wirkungsg
Page 189 and 190: Der Rechengang zu Abb.8 läuft wie
Page 191 and 192: Wie erwartet ist der Jahresmittelwe
Page 193 and 194: Projektziele für 2007 � Ununterb
Page 195 and 196: Generator-Korrekturfaktor k G in %
Page 197 and 198: WR-Defekte pro WR-Betriebsjahr 0.8
Page 199 and 200: Nationale / internationale Zusammen
Page 201 and 202: Einleitung / Projektziele Dezentral
Page 203 and 204: BON: Betrieb ohne Netz oder USV-Bet
Page 205 and 206: An einem Workshop mit EWs in Kalifo
Page 209 and 210: Challenges The liberalisation of th
Page 211 and 212: W 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 1
Page 214 and 215: PV-BUK Eidgenössisches Departement
Page 216 and 217: 3/6 häufigsten traten jedoch Gesam
Page 218 and 219: 5/6 Die Gespräche mit verschiedene
Page 220 and 221: Eidgenössisches Departement für U
Page 222 and 223: 3/10 Tab. 1: Overview of the types
Page 224 and 225: 5/10 Tab. 2: Key parameters of the
Page 226 and 227: 7/10 horizontal surface (kWh/m 2 )
Page 232 and 233: 3/9 Fig.2: Photograph of SiO2:CdS s
Page 234 and 235: 5/9 Fig. 4: Photoluminescence spect
Page 236 and 237: 7/9 In general, the performance of
Page 238: 9/9 Conclusions � A large Stokes
Page 241 and 242: Einleitung / Projektziele Solaranla
Page 244: Internationale Koordination P. Hüs
Page 247 and 248: Kurzbeschrieb des Projekts Task 1 u
Page 249 and 250: Trends Report Basierend auf den Dat
Page 253 and 254: Einleitung / Projektziele Die Ziele
Page 255 and 256: Case Studies Als Ergänzung zu den
Page 260 and 261: 3/10 Ziele 2007 Die Ziele der REPIC
Page 262 and 263: 5/10 Die restlichen 13 Projektantr
Page 264 and 265: 7/10 Stand der technischen REPIC Pr
Page 266 and 267: 9/10 Förderung der Solarenergie f
Page 268 and 269: Département fédéral de l’envir
Page 270 and 271: 3/6 Les avantages pour le consommat
Page 272 and 273: 5/6 SOUS-TÂCHE 4 « Information et
Page 276: 3/3 Turbidity climatology Turbidity
Page 279 and 280:
Einleitung / Projektziele Normenarb
Page 281 and 282:
IEC 62548 Installation and Safety R
Page 283 and 284:
Referenzen Eine vollständige Liste
Page 285 and 286:
Introduction and Goals PV ERA NET i
Page 287 and 288:
WP2: Strategy Issues: The main acti
Page 289 and 290:
A dedicated transnational call “P
Page 291:
Databases have been developed for o
show all

Programm Photovoltaik Ausgabe 2008 ... - Bundesamt für Energie BFE

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?