Canada - World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe

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14 Health systems in transition Canada Table 1.10 Main causes of death and number of deaths per 100 000 population, 1980–2004 (selected years) Causes of death (ICD-10 classification) 1980 a 1990 a 1995 a 2000 2004 Communicable diseases 75.1 77.4 78.0 79.2 80.3 All infections and parasitic diseases (A00 – B99) 6.6 9.6 11.7 20.2 24.9 Tuberculosis (A15 – A19) 1.2 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.3 Sexually transmitted infections (A50 – A64) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HIV/AIDS (B20 – B24) – 7.5 12.0 3.3 2.7 Noncommunicable diseases Circulatory diseases (100 – 199) 674.9 565.5 534.6 496.5 454.8 Malignant neoplasms (C00 – C97) 331.0 395.1 390.9 407.4 418.8 Colon cancer (C18) 31.5 33.3 32.3 34.1 35.3 Cancer of larynx, trachea, bronchus and lung (C32 – C34) 79.8 142.5 105.6 108.3 113.4 Breast cancer (C50) 28.8 34.9 32.9 31.2 30.7 Cervical cancer (C53) 3.6 3.3 2.7 2.6 2.4 Diabetes (E10 – E14) 24.0 31.2 37.1 43.6 49.0 Mental and behavioural disorders (F00 – F99) 5.0 21.8 34.3 38.8 42.7 Ischaemic heart diseases (I20 – I25) 411.6 330.4 298.0 275.9 246.1 Cerebrovascular diseases (I60 – I69) 124.7 105.3 104.8 101.0 91.3 Chronic respiratory diseases (J00 – J99) 93.7 122.8 127.6 115.3 122.7 Digestive diseases (K00 – K93) 58.6 52.8 51.4 52.9 54.1 External causes Transport accidents (V01 – V99) 145.5 98.2 83.4 77.4 80.8 Suicide (X60 – X84) 28.1 25.6 26.9 23.6 22.7 Signs symptoms and other ill-defined conditions (R00 – R53; R55 – R99) 14.2 35.3 20.2 15.7 14.7 Source: WHO (2011b). Notes: a Causes of death according to ICD-9 classifications; ICD: WHO International Classification of Disease. Overall cancer mortality for Canadian men is higher than the rates in Sweden, Australia and the United States and lower than the rates in France and the United Kingdom (Table 1.11). Female cancer mortality in Canada is the second highest among the OECD comparator countries, only slightly behind the rate in the United Kingdom. In particular, Canada’s lung cancer death rates for both men and women (in tandem with the United States) are among the highest in this peer group. Although most cancer deaths are due to lung cancer, other cancers – in particular breast, prostate and colorectal cancers – are the main contributors to overall cancer morbidity (Boswell-Purdy et al. 2007).
Health systems in transition Canada 15 Table 1.11 Main causes of death in Canada and selected countries by sex, latest available years Cause of death, age-standardized rates per 100 000 people Canada Australia France Sweden United Kingdom United States Year 2004 2006 2008 2008 2009 2007 Ischaemic heart disease, males 123 99 50 118 110 129 Ischaemic heart disease, females 61 52 19 58 50 68 Stroke, males 34 36 31 45 42 32 Stroke, females 29 34 22 36 39 29 All cancers, males 205 184 221 165 199 185 All cancers, females 143 115 111 125 141 130 Lung cancer, males 60 40 57 29 48 57 Lung cancer, females 36 20 14 22 30 36 Breast cancer 22.4 18.5 22.3 19.1 23.2 19.8 Prostate cancer 21.2 24.3 20.0 32.7 23.3 17.5 Road accidents, male 12.8 10.9 10.8 6.3 6.2 21.1 Road accidents, female 4.9 3.4 2.9 2.0 1.7 8.3 Suicide, males 15.7 11.9 21.6 16.1 9.8 17.1 Suicide, females 4.9 3.3 6.8 6.0 2.6 4.3 Source: OECD (2011). While oral health has improved steadily over the last half century, there is considerable evidence that the lack of public programmes and funding has slowed potential progress in addressing dental health (Grignon et al., 2010) (Table 1.12). The Canada Health Measures Survey of 2007–2009 found that 58.8% of Canadian adolescents have one or more teeth negatively affected by dental caries (Health Canada, 2010). Based on 2006 data (Table 1.11), both males and females in Canada had lower ischaemic heart disease (IHD) mortality rates than in Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. While females had a heart disease mortality rate that was equal to the rate in Australia, males had a considerably higher rate than that of Australian males. In all cases, France had the lowest IHD mortality rate. According to one study based on a national longitudinal population survey, increases in the incidence of heart disease had a strong income bias in Canada. Between 1994 and 2005, IHD incidence increased by 27% and 37% respectively in the lower income and lower middle-income categories, while it increased by 12% and 6% respectively in the upper middle and highest income categories (Lee et al., 2009).
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Page 7 and 8: Preface The Health Systems in Trans
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgements The HiT on Canada
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