Canada - World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe

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96 Health systems in transition Canada Table 4.10 Educational and training requirements of 22 health occupations, 2009 Occupation Minimum education required Internship or clinical practicum required Audiologist Master’s Yes Yes Chiropractor Professional doctorate Yes Yes Dental hygienist Diploma Yes Yes Dentist Professional doctorate Yes Yes Dietician Bachelor’s Yes Yes Environmental public health professional Health information management professional Bachelor’s Yes Yes Diploma or Bachelor’s Yes Yes Licensed practical nurse Diploma Yes Yes Medical laboratory technologist Diploma Yes Yes Medical radiation technologist Diploma Yes Yes Midwife Bachelor’s Yes Yes Nurse practitioner Master’s or Post-Bachelor’s Certificate Yes Yes Occupational therapist Master’s Yes Yes Optometrist Professional doctorate Yes Yes Pharmacist Bachelor’s Yes Yes Physician Medical doctorate plus residency Yes Yes Physiotherapist Master’s Yes Yes Psychologist Doctorate Yes Yes RN Diploma or Bachelor’s Yes Yes Registered psychiatric nurse Diploma or Bachelor’s Yes Yes Respiratory therapist Diploma Yes Yes Speech–language pathologist Master’s Yes Yes Source: Compiled from CIHI (2011a). National examination (in addition to any P/T requirements) While undergraduate education and the awarding of undergraduate medical degrees (the basic “medical doctorate”) is the purview of the 17 medical schools in Canada, the RCPSC is responsible for overseeing the graduate education and training of physicians. As such, the RCPSC accredits 17 residency programmes, all run by the university-based medical schools. Specialists are also certified by the RCPSC, which is recognized by all province medical licensing authorities except for Quebec, where the Collège des médecins du Québec is the primary certifying body (Flegel, Hébert & MacDonald, 2008; Bates, Lovato & Buller- Taylor, 2008; CIHI, 2011a). Educational requirements for nurses have increased dramatically over the last two decades, with a major shift from two-year diploma programmes to four-year bachelor degree programmes. Nurse practitioners are RNs whose extra training and education entitles them to an “extended class” designation. Their scope
Health systems in transition Canada 97 of practice – which includes prescribing certain classes of prescription drug and ordering some diagnostic tests – overlaps with that of family physicians. More importantly, given the evidence of the declining comprehensiveness of the primary care offered by physicians since the late 1980s, the range of health services offered by nurse practitioners has been of interest to primary health care reform advocates and provincial ministries of health (Chan, 2002b; College of Nurses of Ontario, 2004; CIHI, 2011c). In addition to their RN education and training, nurse practitioners must get additional training from accredited institutions that are offered in all ten provinces. The length of these programmes, including the clinical practicum, vary from one year to slightly in excess of two years (CIHI, 2011a). To practise in Canada, a pharmacist must hold a bachelor’s degree in pharmacy from an accredited programme, pass the qualifying examination administered by the Pharmacy Examining Board of Canada, and register with the appropriate P/T regulatory body. Ten universities offer programmes in Canada. All are four-year programmes, including clinical practicum, with the exception of a five-year programme at Memorial University of Newfoundland. There have been between 705 and 1075 pharmacy graduates a year from these Canadian universities between 2000 and 2009 (CIHI, 2011a). Chiropractors in Canada must have a doctorate of chiropractic (DC) from an accredited programme, pass the Canadian Chiropractors Examining Board National Competency Examination and register with a provincial or territorial regulatory body as required. There are two accredited chiropractic programmes in Canada: a four-year programme at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College in Ontario, and a five-year programme at the Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières in Quebec, which together have produced between 188 and 218 graduates a year between 2000 and 2009 (CIHI, 2011a). Dentists practising in Canada must have a doctor of dental medicine (DDM) or a doctor of dental surgery (DDS) degree from an accredited programme, pass the National Dental Examining Board of Canada Written Examination and Objective Structured Clinical Examination as well as register with the pertinent P/T regulatory body. There are ten accredited programmes, all four years in length. There is considerable competition for entry into Canada’s ten dental schools, five of which are located in Quebec and Ontario. Canadians are among the world’s highest spenders on dental care, in part due to the prevalence of private dental insurance – largely through employment-based benefit plans. As with physicians, a number of specializations requiring two to three years of higher education and residency have emerged over time including
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Contents Preface . . . . . . . . .
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Preface The Health Systems in Trans
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Acknowledgements The HiT on Canada
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List of abbreviations Abbreviations
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List of tables and figures Tables p
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Abstract Canada is a high-income co
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The European Observatory on Health
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