Hematology and Clinical Microscopy Glossary - College of American ...
Hematology and Clinical Microscopy Glossary - College of American ...
Hematology and Clinical Microscopy Glossary - College of American ...
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4 Cerebrospinal<br />
Introduction<br />
Erythroid Series<br />
Erythrocyte, Nucleated<br />
These cells are found uncommonly in body fluids<br />
<strong>and</strong> are usually derived from peripheral blood<br />
contamination in which circulating nucleated red cells<br />
are present. Occasionally, they may arise from<br />
accidental aspiration <strong>of</strong> the bone marrow in an infant<br />
or adult with osteoporosis. When the nucleated red cells<br />
are a result <strong>of</strong> accidental marrow contamination they<br />
are earlier stages (polychromatophilic <strong>and</strong> basophilic<br />
normoblast) <strong>and</strong> may also be associated with<br />
immature myeloid cells. The cytoplasm should be<br />
carefully evaluated to distinguish these cells from<br />
necrobiotic cells. Nucleated red blood cells due to<br />
peripheral blood contamination tend to be a later<br />
stage <strong>of</strong> development (orthochromatophilic<br />
normoblast).<br />
Erythrocyte, Mature<br />
Fluid (CSF)<br />
<strong>and</strong> Body Fluid Cell<br />
Identification<br />
The value <strong>of</strong> routine evaluation <strong>of</strong> body fluids has been amply documented. Concentration by cytocentrifugation<br />
allows for the evaluation <strong>of</strong> fluids with low cell counts, as well as adequate preservation <strong>of</strong> cytologic detail. The<br />
following descriptions are based primarily on fluids that are prepared by cytocentrifugation, air-dried, <strong>and</strong> stained<br />
with Wright-Giemsa. Most <strong>of</strong> the material used for preparation <strong>of</strong> CAP Surveys cell identification images has been<br />
processed in a similar manner.<br />
These are typical blood erythrocytes without nuclei <strong>and</strong><br />
similar to those present in the peripheral blood. They<br />
are not typically found in normal body fluid samples<br />
<strong>and</strong> reflect hemorrhage or traumatic contamination.<br />
They may also be seen in association with many disease<br />
states, such as malignancy or pancreatitis. Erythrocytes<br />
may appear crenated in certain fluids, but that finding is<br />
not clinically significant.<br />
Lymphoid Series<br />
Lymphocyte<br />
The cytologic features <strong>of</strong> lymphocytes prepared by<br />
cytocentrifugation may differ from those in blood<br />
smears. Changes induced by cytocentrifugation may<br />
include cytoplasmic spreading, nuclear convolutions<br />
<strong>and</strong> nucleolar prominence. The “mature” or quiescent<br />
lymphocyte appears slightly larger than its counterpart<br />
on blood smears, <strong>of</strong>ten with more abundant cytoplasm<br />
but usually smaller than neutrophils <strong>and</strong> monocytes.<br />
Because <strong>of</strong> the high speed used in cytocentrifugation,<br />
a small nucleolus may be seen, <strong>and</strong> this should not be<br />
interpreted as indicating a lymphoma. A few azurophilic<br />
granules may be noted in the lymphocytes on slides<br />
prepared by cytocentrifugation, <strong>and</strong> do not <strong>of</strong><br />
themselves denote abnormality. Large granular<br />
lymphocytes are medium to large lymphocytes, with<br />
a round to oval nucleus, clumped basophilic chromatin,<br />
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