Gastric Digestion of Foods—Challenges and Opportunities for Food ...

Factors affecting stomach emptying
rate
• food caloric content, macronutrients and volume
– 2 – 4 kcal/min (8.4–16.8 kJ/min)
• Increasing the viscosity of liquid meals delays
gastric emptying and increases satiety
• size, density, texture and microstructure of the
food
• Biological factors
– body posture, physical activity, age, health, gender