Vetiveria Zizanioides (L.) - HerbalNet Digital Repository
Vetiveria Zizanioides (L.) - HerbalNet Digital Repository
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USHZRA<br />
BOTANICAL NAME: <strong>Vetiveria</strong> zizanioides (L.) Nash<br />
!$$A2#g!Ly Poaceae<br />
5 2 i4;Qi-iYMS<br />
Udzirn. iValada, Amrinala, Sevya, Samagandhaka, Jalavasa.<br />
VE&U'
USHIRA <strong>Vetiveria</strong> zizanioides (L.) Nash
ACTIONS AND USES<br />
The roots are aromatic, cwhg, refrigerant, diaphoretic, depurative, digestive, car-<br />
minative, stomachic, antiemetic, constipating, haematinic, haemostatic, expectorant,<br />
diuretic, febrifuge, stimulant, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, alexiteric, soporific, anti-<br />
spasmodic and tonic. They are useful in hyperdipsia, burning sensation, nausea,<br />
obstinate vomiting, dyspepsia, flatulence, colic, anaemia, haemorrhages,<br />
haemoptysis, cough, asthma, hiccough, strangury, bilious fever, gout, lumbago,<br />
sprains, headache, spermatorrhoea, hysteria, insomnia, diarrhoea, dehydration,<br />
amentia, cardiac debility, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, helminthiasis, spasmodic<br />
affections, erysipelas, emaciation, general debility, ulcers and skin diseases.<br />
AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES<br />
Rasa - Tikta, Madhura<br />
Guna - Laghu, Snigdha<br />
Veerya - Sheeta<br />
Vipaka - Madhura<br />
Doshaghnata - Vatapittashamaka<br />
Rogaghnata - Daha, Murchha, Netraroga, Agnimandya, Trishna, Chhardi,<br />
Ajeerna, Atisara, Raktavikara, Raktapitta, Hriddaurbalya, Kasa, Hikka,<br />
Shwasa, Mootrakrichchhra, Svedamasurika, Kushtha, Vrana, Jwara, Shosha,<br />
Daurbalya, Visha<br />
Kamza - Dahaprashamana, Angamardaprashamana, Twagdoshahara, Vamya<br />
Svedapanayana, Deepana, Pachana, Trishnanigrahana, Chhardinigrahana,<br />
Stambhana, Raktaprasadana, Raktarodhaka, Balya, Kaphanissaraka,<br />
Mootrajanana, Stanyajanaka, Svedajanana, Svedadaurgandhyahara,<br />
Kushthaghna, Jwaraghna, Wshaghna<br />
Doses - Powder- 3-6 gm; Cold water infusion- 25-50 rnl; Hot water infusion-<br />
50-100 rnl.<br />
SIDDHA PROPERTIES<br />
Siddha Name: Wlamichuver<br />
Suvai (Taste): - Kaippu (Bitter)<br />
Veeriyam (Potency): - Seetham (Cooling)<br />
Vipakam (Transformation): - Inippu (Sweet)<br />
Ceikai (Pharmacological action): - Kuzhirchiundaklu (Refrigerant)<br />
Gunam (Uses): - Used for Headache and Diabetes<br />
Siddha Pharmaceutical Preparations: - Amirthathy kuligai, Lagu santhanathy<br />
thylurn, Injy chooranam, Kanthaga rasayanam, Mahaelathy kuzhigai, Mahavasantha
umagaram, Naasiroganasathylum, Nilavembukudineer, Thiratchaathy chmranam,<br />
Vallarai nei.<br />
PHARMACOGNOSY<br />
Roots are fibrous, wiry, upto 2 mm in diameter, longitudinally grooved, cream,<br />
grey or light yellow to brown in colour; odour strong aromatic; taste slightly bitter.<br />
Transverse section shows an epidermis composed of tangentially elongated cdls<br />
having brownish content, followed by a layer of hypodermis of thm-walled cells,<br />
similar to epidermis; cortex consisting of 2-3 layers of thick-walled, lignified<br />
sclerenchymatous cells towards periphery and aerenchymatous cells towads tent<br />
~ single ; layered endodermis with highly thickened inner walls; many layered @-<br />
cycle with thick-walled, sclerenchymatous cells enclosing radial vascular bundEes<br />
arranged in a ring. Simple starch grains measuring 8-12 p in diameter are present<br />
in aerenchyma, pericycle and pith cells.<br />
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS<br />
Total ash- Not more than 9%; Acid-insoluble ash- Not more than 6%; McohaH-.<br />
soluble extractive Not less than 4%; Water-soluble extractive- Not less than 5%;<br />
Volatile oil- Not less than 1%.<br />
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS<br />
Isobisabolene, khusol, khusinol, khusilal, khusinol oxide, isokhusimol, khusillrol,<br />
khusimene, khusenic acid, isokhusenic acid, khusimone, cyclocopacarnphenol<br />
epicyclocopacampheno1 (C-I1 epimer), vetiselinenol and zizanol, zizanene<br />
levojunenol, epikhusinol, C,, ketones-(+) (1 S, 1OR)- 1,lO-dimethylbicyclo C4.4.01dec-6-en-3-one<br />
and (+) (6S, 10s)-6, 10-dimethylbicyclo [4.4.0]-dec- 1 -en-3 -one,<br />
zizanoic, epizizanoic acid, sesquiterpenes, khusol, allokhusiol, zizaene, prezi-c hr'4~,:?&.<br />
khusiol, isovalencenol, vetiselinenol and isovetiselinenol, isovalesenol, (+)a-cadino1<br />
cadina-4a-10P-diol, khusinodiol, isokhusinol oxide, acoradiene, zizaens<br />
solavetivone, p-vetivone, methoxyphenol, o-, m- & p-cresols, eugenol, 4-<br />
vinylguaiacol, cis and trans isoeugenol, 4-vinylphenol, vanillin, 4-vinyl-2<br />
methoxyphenol, tricyclic sesquiterpenoids-zizanal and epizizanal, a- & vetivoncs<br />
bicyclodecenone, epizizanone, acora-2,4-diene and its 10-epimer, 3-isoprogyl-2-<br />
(3-methylcyclopent-2-eny1)-tetrahydrofuran, 3-isopropyl- 6-methyl-2 -(3methylcyclopent-2-enyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran,12,13-di-nor-6(7-8)-&be@eremophil-<br />
1 (10)-en-7-one, 8alpha-methyl- 1 1,12,13-tri-nor-eremophil- 1 ( 10)-er,- 7 -<br />
one, eudsma-5,7-dien-4-01 (cascadadienol), 13-nor-7,8-epoxy-eremophil- 1 (i ~2,-
en- 1 1-one, eremophil, 7(11)-en- lobeta-01, 7,ll-epoxy-eremophila, 1,9-dien-8alpha-01,<br />
two epimers of 6,12,7,11 -diepoxy-eudesm-4-ene and of 7,11,8,12diepoxy-eremophil-9-ene,<br />
1,7-cyclogermacra- 1 (10),4-dien- 15-al, 10-epi-acor-3en-5-one,<br />
10-epi-acora-3,ll -dien- 15-al, (E)-opposit-4(15), 7(11)-dien- 124 13nor-opposite-4(15)-en-<br />
1 1 -one, 7-epi-cis-dracunculifoliol, elema- 1 , 1 1 -dien- 15-al,<br />
6,12-epoxyelema- l,3-diene, eremophil- 1 (lo), 6-dien- 12-al, 15-nor-funebran-3one,<br />
7,15-epoxyprezizaane, 15-nor-prezizaan-7-one, 12-nor-preziza-7(15)-en,<br />
prezizaan- 15-al, cyclocopacamphan- 12-al, 5,6-seco-6,7-furoeudesman-5-one,<br />
11,12,13-tri-nor-cis-eudesm-5-en-7-one, 11,12,13-tri-nor-cis-eudesm-5,8-dien-7one,<br />
13-nor-eudesm-5-en-11-one, 13-nor-trans-eudesma-4(15),7-dien-11-one, two<br />
oxitranes, 13-nor-4,5-epoxyeudesm-6-en- 1 1 -one and 13-nor-7,8-epoxy-transeudesm-4(15)-en-<br />
1 1 -one (vetiver oil).<br />
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES<br />
Insecticidal, antifeedant, excellent insect repellent, diuretic, juvenile hormone like ac-<br />
tivity, antifhgal.<br />
FORMULATIONS AND PREPARATIONS<br />
Ushirasava, Ushiradi kvatha, Ushiradi churna, Ushiradya taila,<br />
Shadangapaniya, Sarvajwarahara lauha, Angamardaprashamana kashaya<br />
churna, Stanyajanana kashaya churna, Yogarajaguggulu.<br />
TRADE AND COMMERCE<br />
The roots on distillation yield vetiver oil, which has good demand in domestic as<br />
well as international markets. The oil is widely used in perfumery and cosmetics<br />
and to a limited extent for medicinal purposes. The main centres of production in<br />
India are Bharatpur (Rajasthan), Musanagar (Kanpur district) and some areas of<br />
West Coast in Kerala. The oil produced in Bharatpur fetches much higher price<br />
(Rs. 72501- per kg in 2001) than that of South India (Rs. 18001- per kg).<br />
Retail market price- Roots- Rs. 601- per kg (2001).<br />
SUBSTITUTES AND ADULTERANTS<br />
Coleus vettiveroides roots are good substitute to V zizanioides.<br />
PROPAGATION AND CIJLTWATION<br />
It flourishes over rich sandy-loam soils of 6 to 8 pH under warm and damp<br />
weather conditions. The crop grows luxuriantly where rainfall varies from 100 to<br />
200 cm and temperature from 30 to 40°C. A medium fertile soil is ideal for its
cultivation. Vetiver is raised from live mot slips planted in field during rainy season. A<br />
fully grown root clump is divided into 15-20 cm long rooted slips and these are<br />
planted in rows at 60 x 25 cm spacing to allow 6000 plants per hectare. The freshly<br />
planted field is given a light irrigation if it does not rain in next one or two days of<br />
planting; these slips commence sprouting in 7 to 10 days. The planted crop is earthed<br />
up after 60 days and the ridges are made 30 cm broad and 20 cm high which facili-<br />
tates higher root development. The initial growth of sprouted vetiver is slow for first<br />
90 days. The first interculture is recommended at 30 days after sprouting. Two more<br />
intercultms are given to the crop, viz., the first in February, when the plants resprout<br />
in the spring and the next in July. The use of chemical weedicides and one pre-emer-<br />
gence spraying of atrazine or oxadizone controls weed growth for first 60 to 70 days.<br />
Fertilizers like EYM, P,O,, 60 and nitrogen help in better root yield. Leaf blight<br />
caused by Cuwularia trifolii is the most serious fungal disease which affects the<br />
vetiver plants. Two to three spraying of copper fungicide (3%) containing 50% metallic<br />
copper at the rate of 550 to 725 literha is recommended as a control measure. Crop<br />
can be dug out between the age of 15 to 18 months. The aerial parts of the growing<br />
plants are cut off from ground level, the roots are dugout and cleared of mud by<br />
washing. After cleaning, the mots are separated fbm stump part and dried in shade for<br />
5 to 7 days to allow it to contain only about 10% moisture. Freshly harvested roots<br />
give higher oil yield over stored air-dried mots.<br />
During, tissue culture studies embryogenic callus was induced h m immature inflores-<br />
cence segments of K zizinwides on Murashige & Skoog's medium supplemented with<br />
2,4 dichlomphenoxyacetic acid (3.5 mg/l) and kinetin (0.5- 1 mg/l). The callus on sub<br />
culture to media with no hormones or low levels of 2,; ' (I mgA) developed a large<br />
number of embryoids, which developed into plantlets on the basal medium or on trans-<br />
fer to MS medium with low levels of auxins. The regenerated plantlets developed a<br />
strong root system on MS medium with NAA (1 mgA).<br />
Callus induction and high frequency regeneration was achieved from mesocotyl<br />
parts of young seedlings of vetiver when cultured on MS medium supplemented<br />
with 2,4-D and kinetin. Shoot formation occurred from 40-50 days old pale yel-<br />
low, nodular callus when subcultured on MS basal medium or MS medium aug-<br />
mented with BA. Rooting of shoots occurred in MS medium supplemented with<br />
NAA. Plantlets were then transferred to soil for acclimatization.<br />
In another trial the explants of young sheath and in vitro basal shoot fragments of<br />
vetiver were used to study the somatic embryogenesis and shoot formation. The<br />
results showed that auxin was the key factor for the induction of somatic embryo-<br />
genesis from the explants. Shoot organogenesis originated from the germination of<br />
somatic embryos which could be induced on induction media supplemented with<br />
NAA or low concentration of 2,4-D. An efficient recycle induction, regeneration
and propagation system of vetiver were established.<br />
Immature inflorescence segments of vetiver were pretreated in liquid MS medium<br />
with 1 mgA each of 2,4-D, Kn and BAP and induced to form callus on solid MS<br />
mdurn, supplemented with 2,4-D 5mgA and Kn 1mgA. The callus on subculture<br />
into MS medium with BAP and NAA formed 20-21 shoots which were rooted<br />
on MS medium supplemented with IBA.<br />
In another study crown and leaf slices of in vitro plantlets of a non-flowering<br />
<strong>Vetiveria</strong> zizanioides from Java were used to induce compact calli and to regen-<br />
erate plantlets. Upto 75 percent of crown slices cultured on m ded MS medium<br />
supplemented with 2,4-D, BA and sucrose developed compact callus. For subse-<br />
quent regeneration of plantlets, callus induction medium containing sucrose, and<br />
subsequent transfer to the regeneration medium was the best procedure, regener-<br />
ating plantlets on around 60 percent of the crown or leaf slices with upto 100<br />
plantlets per slice.<br />
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