Lawyers Manual - Unified Court System
Lawyers Manual - Unified Court System Lawyers Manual - Unified Court System
382 Dorchen A. Leidholdt 17. See International Matchmaking Organizations: A Report to Congress (1999); Asjlyn Loder, Mail Order Brides Find US Land of Milk, Battery, Women’s E-News, July 13, 2003. 18. Albany, New York, Nov. 6, 2003. Contact information for the New York State Coalition Against Domestic Violence can be obtained on its website, http://www.nyscadv.org. 19. BBC News, Child Marriage Violates Rights, March 7, 2001, citing UNICEF statistics that “half of all girls in some countries are married by the age of 18. . . . Child marriages are most common in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, where poverty, traditional taboos about premarital sex, and fears of AIDS are widespread. . . . In Nepal, 7% of girls are married before they are 10, and 40% by age 15.” Chicago Tribune, Child Marriage’s “Brutal” Effects on Girls Worldwide, “Child Marriage. . . affects about 51 million girls in developing countries worldwide,” December 14, 2004, http://www.kaisernetwork.org. 20. Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Honor killing is one of history’s oldest gender-based crimes. It assumes that a woman’s behavior casts a reflection on the family and the community. If women fall in love, seek a divorce even from a battering husband, or enter into a relationship outside marriage, they are seen as violating the honor of the community,” April 10, 2000. 21. Mark Rice-Oxley, “The United Nations says at least 5,000 women worldwide are killed each year as a matter of so-called family honor”; Britain Examines Honor Killings, The Christian Science Monitor, July 7, 2004. 22. Genital Mutilation On the Increase in Europe, Press Association News, November 26, 2004; Europe Impotent in Fighting Female Mutilation Among African Women, November 30, 2004, http://www.Afrol.com. 23. Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, I Will Never Forget the Day of My Circumcision, The Sciences, March/April 1998, at 23-27. 24. In the United Kingdom, it has been estimated that between three and four thousand girls undergo the procedure each year, although there have been no prosecutions under the federal statute banning FGM, which was enacted in 1985. In France, there have been a number of well-publicized prosecutions of West African immigrant parents who have arranged to have their daughters cut. 25. Penal Code § 135.85. 26. 18 USCA § 116.
From Sex Trafficking to FGM: Emerging Issues 383 27. Holly Maguigan, Will Prosecutions for Female Genital Mutilation Stop the Practice in the US? Temple Political and Civil Rights Law Review, Spring 1999. 28. In re Fauziya Kasinga, 1996 WL 379826 (Board of Immigration Appeals, June 13, 1996). 29. See e.g. Abay v Ashcroft, 368 F3d 634 (6th Cir 2004).
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382 Dorchen A. Leidholdt<br />
17. See International Matchmaking Organizations: A Report to Congress<br />
(1999); Asjlyn Loder, Mail Order Brides Find US Land of Milk, Battery,<br />
Women’s E-News, July 13, 2003.<br />
18. Albany, New York, Nov. 6, 2003. Contact information for the New York<br />
State Coalition Against Domestic Violence can be obtained on its website,<br />
http://www.nyscadv.org.<br />
19. BBC News, Child Marriage Violates Rights, March 7, 2001, citing UNICEF<br />
statistics that “half of all girls in some countries are married by the age of<br />
18. . . . Child marriages are most common in sub-Saharan Africa and South<br />
Asia, where poverty, traditional taboos about premarital sex, and fears of AIDS<br />
are widespread. . . . In Nepal, 7% of girls are married before they are 10, and<br />
40% by age 15.” Chicago Tribune, Child Marriage’s “Brutal” Effects on Girls<br />
Worldwide, “Child Marriage. . . affects about 51 million girls in developing<br />
countries worldwide,” December 14, 2004, http://www.kaisernetwork.org.<br />
20. Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights,<br />
“Honor killing is one of history’s oldest gender-based crimes. It assumes<br />
that a woman’s behavior casts a reflection on the family and the community.<br />
If women fall in love, seek a divorce even from a battering husband, or<br />
enter into a relationship outside marriage, they are seen as violating the<br />
honor of the community,” April 10, 2000.<br />
21. Mark Rice-Oxley, “The United Nations says at least 5,000 women worldwide<br />
are killed each year as a matter of so-called family honor”; Britain<br />
Examines Honor Killings, The Christian Science Monitor, July 7, 2004.<br />
22. Genital Mutilation On the Increase in Europe, Press Association News,<br />
November 26, 2004; Europe Impotent in Fighting Female Mutilation<br />
Among African Women, November 30, 2004, http://www.Afrol.com.<br />
23. Rogaia Mustafa Abusharaf, I Will Never Forget the Day of My<br />
Circumcision, The Sciences, March/April 1998, at 23-27.<br />
24. In the United Kingdom, it has been estimated that between three and four<br />
thousand girls undergo the procedure each year, although there have been<br />
no prosecutions under the federal statute banning FGM, which was<br />
enacted in 1985. In France, there have been a number of well-publicized<br />
prosecutions of West African immigrant parents who have arranged to have<br />
their daughters cut.<br />
25. Penal Code § 135.85.<br />
26. 18 USCA § 116.