Sanskrit Nouns

Noun Endings in Sanskrit 

Sanskrit Nouns 

James Santucci 

Department of Comparative Religion 

California State University 

Fullerton, CA 

I. Masculine (puµ-li©gam) and Neuter (napuµsaka-li©gam) stems ending in 

–a. 

A. Masculine stems (ex. iva-) 

CASE Sg. Dual Plural 

N. ivas ivau iv¡s 

A. ivam ivau iv¡n 

I. ivena iv¡bhy¡m ivais 

D. iv¡ya iv¡bhy¡m ivebhyas 

Ab. iv¡t iv¡bhy¡m ivebhyas 

G. ivasya ivayos iv¡n¡m 

L. ive ivayos iveßu 

V. iva ivau iv¡s 

B. Neuter stems [vacana-‘speech’; ‘gram. number’; ‘precept’; ‘command’] 

N. vacanam vacane vacan¡ni 

A. vacanam vacane vacan¡ni 

I. vacanena vacan¡bhy¡m vacanais 

D. vacan¡ya vacan¡bhy¡m vacanebhyas 

Ab. vacan¡t vacan¡bhy¡m vacanebhyas 

G. vacanasya vacanayos vacan¡n¡m 

L. vacane vacanayos vacaneßu 

V. vacana vacane vacan¡ni 

Masculine (puµ-li©gam) and Neuter (napuµsaka-li©gam) stems ending in –a. 

1 (noun_endings2)

I. 


II. Stems (puµ-, napuµsaka-, str•-li©g¡ni) ending in –i. 

A. Masculine stems [agni ‘fire’; ‘the god Agni’] 


N. agnis agn• agnayas 

A. agnim agn• agn•n 

I. agnin¡ agnibhy¡m agnibhis 

D. agnaye agnibhy¡m agnibhyas 

Ab. agnes agnibhy¡m agnibhyas 

G. agnes agnyos agn•n¡m 

L. agnau agnyos agnißu 

V. agne agn• agnayas 

B. Neuter stems [v¡ri-‘water’] 

N. v¡ri v¡ri• v¡r•i 

A. v¡ri v¡ri• v¡r•i 

I. v¡ri¡ v¡ribhy¡m v¡ribhis 

D. v¡rie v¡ribhy¡m v¡ribhyas 

Ab. v¡rias v¡ribhy¡m v¡ribhyas 

G. v¡rias v¡rios v¡r•¡m 

L. v¡rii v¡rios v¡rißu 

V. v¡ri/-e v¡ri• v¡r•i 

[akßi-‘eye’: I. aks¡, Ab./G. akßas, G. du. akßos, G. pl. akß¡m] 

C. Feminine stems [akti ‘the active power of god, regarded as the wife 

that fod’] 

N. aktis akt• aktayas 

A. aktim akt• aktis 

I. akty¡ aktibhy¡m aktibhis 

2 (noun_endings2)


D. aktaye aktibhy¡m aktibhyas 

Ab. aktes aktibhy¡m aktibhyas 

G. aktes aktyos akt•n¡m 

L. aktau aktyos aktißu 

V. akte akti aktaya 

III. Stems (puµ-, napuµsaka-, str•-li©g¡ni) ending in –u. 

A. Masculine stems [ex. vißu- ‘Vishnu’] 


N. vißus viß vißavas 

A. vißum viß vißn 

I. vißun¡ vißubhy¡m vißubhis 

D. vißave vißubhy¡m vißubhyas 

Ab. vißos vißubhy¡m vißubhyas 

G. vißos vißvos vißn¡m 

L. vißau vißvos vißußu 

V. vißo vißu vißavas 

B. Neuter stems [ex. madhu- ‘honey’] 

N. madhu madhun• madhni 

A. madhu madhun• madhni 

I. madhun¡ madhubhy¡m madhubhis 

D. madhune madhubhy¡m madhubhyas 

Ab. madhunas madhubhy¡m madhubhyas 

G. madhunas madhunos madhn¡m 

L. madhuni madhunos madhußu 

V. madhu/madho madhuni madhni 

C. Feminine stems [ex. tanu- ‘body’] 


N. tanus tan tanavas 

3 (noun_endings2)


A. tanum tan tans 

I. tanv¡ tanubhy¡m tanubhis 

D. tanave tanubhy¡m tanubhyas 

Ab. tanos tanubhy¡m tanubhyas 

G. tanos tanvos tanunam 

L. tanau tanvos tanusu 

V. tano tan tanavas 

IV. Stems (puµ-, str•, napuµsaka-li©g¡ni) ending in -ƒ. 

1.1.42-3) 

‘weakest’) 

A. Stems are of two types: 

1. agent nouns [-ƒ is vƒddhied in ‘strong’stems] 

2. nouns of relationships [-ƒ is guated in ‘strong’ stems] 

B. Two terminations exist 

1. strong (called sarva-n¡ma-sth¡na ‘strong case ending’: p. 

2. weak (which may be subdivided into ‘weaker’ or ‘middle’ and 

The strong endings are attached to ‘strong’ stems ending in -t¡r or tar; the weakest 

endings to –tr, and the middle to -tƒ. 

In both masculine and feminine stems, the strong endings are N./V (sg., du. Pl.) 

and A. (sg., du.). 

C. Masculine stems 

1. agent nouns (and such nouns of relationship naptƒ ‘grandson’; 

devƒ ‘husband’s brother’): ex. boddhƒ- ‘a knower’ 


N. boddh¡ boddh¡rau boddh¡ras 

A. boddh¡ram boddh¡rau boddhƒn 

I. boddhr¡ boddhƒbhy¡m boddhƒbhis 

D. boddhre boddhƒbhy¡m boddhƒbhyas 

Ab. boddhur boddhƒbhy¡m boddhƒbhyas 

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G. boddhur boddhros boddhƒn¡m 

L. boddhari boddhros boddhƒßu 

V. boddhar boddharau boddh¡ras 

[Other forms ending in -tƒ, such as kartƒ- ‘doer’ and d¡tƒ- ‘giver’ follow this 

pattern: kart¡, kart¡ram, d¡t¡rau, d¡t¡ras, datƒn¡m, etc. are more explicit 

examples, as are hotƒ- ‘invoker’, tvaßƒ- ‘carpenter’, kßattƒ- ‘charioteer’. The acc. 

pl of svasƒ- is svasƒs.] 

2. nouns of relationship (ex. pitƒ- ‘father’) 

N. pit¡ pitarau pitaras 

A. pitaram pitarau pitƒn 

I. pitr¡ pitƒbhy¡m pitƒbhis 

D. pitre pitƒbhy¡m pitƒbhyas 

Ab. pitur pitƒbhy¡m pitƒbhyas 

G. pitur pitros pitƒn¡m 

L. pitari pitros pitƒßu 

V. pitar pitarau pitaras 

D. Feminine stems 

1. nouns of relationship (ex. m¡tƒ- ‘mother’) 

N. m¡t¡ m¡tarau m¡taras 

A. m¡taram m¡tarau m¡tƒs 

I. m¡tr¡ m¡tƒbhy¡m m¡tƒbhis 

D. m¡tre m¡tƒbhy¡m m¡tƒbhyas 

Ab. m¡tur m¡tƒbhy¡m m¡tƒbhyas 

G. m¡tur m¡tros m¡tƒ¡m 

L. m¡tari m¡tros m¡tƒßu 

V. m¡tar matarau m¡taras 

2. agent nouns: add ‘•’- to final -ƒ- and decline d¡tr•- ‘giver’, 

kartr•- ‘doer’. 

5 (noun_endings2)


E. Neuter nouns (generally follow the endings for vari-[II. B] and 

madhu- [III. B]: N. A. datƒ, d¡tƒ•; I. d¡tƒ¡, d¡tƒbhy¡m, d¡tƒbhis) 

F. Form that are neither nouns of agency or relationship (ex. nƒ’man’: 

N. n¡, A. naram, N. A. dual narau. In the I. D.G. L. Sg. nara- substitutes nƒ-.) 

V. Feminine (str•-li©gam) stems ending in ¡, i, and . 

A. These stems fall under two divisions: 

1. polysyllabic stems 

2. monosyllabic stems 

B. Polysyllabic stems 

1. ending in ¡ (durg¡- ‘a goddess’) 


N. durg¡ durge durg¡s 

A. durg¡m durge durg¡s 

I. durgay¡ durg¡bhy¡m durg¡bhis 

D. durg¡yai durg¡bhy¡m durg¡bhyas 

Ab. durg¡y¡s durg¡bhy¡m durg¡bhyas 

G. durg¡y¡s durgayos durg¡¡m 

L. durg¡y¡m durgayos durg¡su 

V. durge durge durg¡s 

2. ending in • [nartak• ‘dancer’] 

N. nartak• nartakyau nartakyas 

A. nartak•m nartakyau nartakyas 

I. nartaky¡ nartak•bhy¡m nartak•bhis 

D. nartaky¡i nartak•bhy¡m nartak•bhyam 

Ab. nartaky¡s nartak•bhy¡m nartak•bhyam 

G. nartaky¡s nartakyos nartak•n¡m 

L. nartaky¡m nartakyos nartak•ßu 

V. nartaki nartakyau nartakyas 

[lakßm• ‘the goddess of prosperity’: N. lakßm•s] 

3. ending in [vadh- ‘woman’] 

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N. vadhs vadhvau vadhvas 

A. vadhm vadhvau vadhs 

I. vadhv¡ vadhbhy¡m vadhbhis 

D. vadhvai vadhbhy¡m vadhbhyas 

Ab. vadhv¡s vadhbhy¡m vadhbhyas 

G. vadhv¡s vadhvos vadhn¡m 

L. vadhv¡m vadhvos vadhßu 

V. vadhu vadhvau vadhvas 

C. Monosyllabic stems 

1. ending in ¡ [j¡ ‘progeny’] 


N. j¡s jau j¡s 

A. j¡m jau j¡s/jas 

I. ja j¡bhy¡m j¡bhis 

D. je j¡bhy¡m j¡bhyas 

Ab. jas j¡bhy¡m j¡bhyas 

G. jas jos j¡n¡m/j¡m 

L. ji jos j¡su 

V. j¡s jau jas 

2. ending in • [r•- ‘prosperity’; ‘name of a goddess’] 

N. r•s riyau riyas 

A. riyam riyau riyas 

I. riy¡ r•bhy¡m r•bhis 

D. riye/yai r•bhy¡m r•bhyas 

Ab. riyas/y¡s r•bhy¡m r•bhyas 

G. riyas/y¡s riyos riy¡m/r•¡m 

L. riyi/y¡m riyos r•ßu 

V. r•s riyau riyas 

[str•-‘woman’: N, str•, A. striyam/str•m, D. striyai, Ab/G. striy¡s, L. striy¡m, A. pl. 

sriyas/str•s, G. pl. str•¡m] 

3. ending in [bh ‘earth’] 

N. bhs bhuvau bhuvas 

A. bhuvam bhuvau bhuvas 

I. bhuv¡ bhbhy¡m bhbhis 

D. bhuve/ai bhbhy¡m bhbhyas 

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Ab. bhuvas/-¡s bhbhy¡m bhbhyas 

G. bhuvas/-¡s bhuvos bhuv¡m/bhn¡m 

L. bhuvi/-¡m bhuvos bhßu 

V. bhs bhuvau bhuvas 

VI. Monosyllabic stems ending in the diphthongs –o, -ai, and –au. 

A. go- (m. ‘bull’; f. ‘cow’) 


N. gaus g¡vau g¡vas 

A. g¡m g¡vau g¡s 

I. gav¡ gobhy¡m gobhis 

D. gave gobhy¡m gobhyas 

Ab. gos gobhy¡m gobhyas 

G. gos gavos gav¡m 

L. gavi gavos goßu 

V. gaus g¡vau g¡vas 

[dvo-f. (m. Vedic) and div- ‘day, sky’: dyaus, divam or dy¡m, div¡, dive or dyave, divas 

or dyos, divi or dyavi, dy¡vau, divas (N./A. pl.) dyn (A.pl.), dyubhis, dyußu] 

B. rai- (m. or f. ‘wealth’) 

N. r¡s r¡yau r¡yas 

A. r¡yam r¡yau r¡yas 

I. r¡y¡ r¡bhy¡m r¡bhis 

D. r¡ye r¡bhy¡m r¡bhyas 

Ab. r¡yas r¡bhy¡m r¡bhyas 

G. r¡yas r¡yos r¡y¡m 

L. r¡yi r¡yos r¡su 

V. r¡s r¡yau r¡yas 

C. nau- (f. ‘ship’) 

N. naus n¡vau n¡vas 

A. n¡vam n¡vau n¡vas 

I. n¡v¡ naubhy¡m naubhis 

D. n¡ve naubhy¡m naubhyas 

Ab. n¡vas naubhy¡m naubhyas 

G. n¡vas n¡vos n¡v¡m 

L. n¡vi n¡vos naußu 

V. naus n¡vau n¡vas 

8 (noun_endings2)


VII. Stems ending in -t and –d (puµ-, str•-, napuµsaka-li©g¡ni) 

A. dharma-vid- (m.f.) ‘knowing one duty’ 


N. dharmavit dharmavidau dharmavidas 

A. dharmavidam dharmavidau dharmavidas 

I. dharmavid¡ -vidbhy¡m -vidbhis 

D. dharmavide -vidbhy¡m -vidbhyas 

Ab. dharmavidas -vidbhy¡m -vidbhyas 

G. dharmavidas -vidos -vid¡m 

L. dharmavidi -vidos -vitsu 

V. dharmavit -vidau -vidas 

B. jagat- (n.) ‘world’ 

N. jagat jagat• jaganti 

A. jagat jagat• jaganti 

I. jagat¡ jagadbhy¡m jagadbhis 

D. jagate jagadbhy¡m jagadbhyas 

Ab. jagatas jagadbhy¡m jagadbhyas 

G. jagatas jagatos jagat¡m 

L. jagati jagatos jagatsu 

V. jagat jagati jaganti 

[N./A./V. plural requires a strengthening nasal before the final stem consonant, according 

to the grammarians.] 

VIII. Stems ending in other consonants 

A. –k, -kh [sarvaak- (m.f.) ‘omni-potent’, citralikh- (m.) ‘a painter’]. 

1. sarvaak (N./A. sg.), sarvaagbhy¡m (I./D./Ab. du) 

2. citralik (N./V. sg.), citralikham (A. sg.) 

3. Neuter: sarvaak (N./A./V. sg.), -ak• (N./A./V. du.), -a©ki 

(N./A./V. pl.);citralik (N./A./V. sg.), -likh• (N./A./V. du.), -li©khi 

(N./A./V. pl.) 

B. –c, -ch, -j [v¡c- (f.) ‘speech’, pr¡ch- (m.f.), ‘questioner’; samr¡j- (m.) 

‘universal king’; bhißaj- (m.) ‘physician’; -añc ‘-ward’] 

1. v¡k (N./V. sg.), v¡c¡ (I. sg.), v¡gbhy¡m (I./D./Ab. du.), v¡cas 

(N./A. pl.), v¡kßu (L. pl.) 

9 (noun_endings2)


2. pr¡t (N./V. sg.), pr¡chau (N./A./V. du.), pr¡bhy¡m (I./D./Ab. 

du.), pr¡su (L. pl.) 

3. samr¡ (N./V. sg.), samr¡je (D. sg.), samr¡bhis (I. pl.), 

samr¡su (L. pl.) 

4. bhißak (N./V. sg.), bhißajam (A. sg.), bhißagbhis (I. pl.), 

bhißakßu (L. pl.) 

5. Neuter: pr¡ (N./A./V. sg.), pr¡ch• (N./A./V. du.), pr¡ñchi 

(N./A./V. pl.) 

6. -añc (from √añc ‘go’ and preceded by prepositions): 

a. with two stems (-añc and –ac) [pr¡ñc- ‘forward’, ‘east 

(ern); av¡ñc- ‘downward’, ‘southern’; par¡ñc- ‘turned 

away’]: masculine 

CASE Sg. Du. Pl. 

N. pr¡© pr¡ñcau pr¡ñcas 

A. pr¡ñcam pr¡ñcau pr¡cas 

I. pr¡c¡ pr¡gbhy¡m pr¡gbhis 

D. pr¡ce pr¡gbhy¡m pr¡gbhyas 

Ab. pr¡cas pr¡gbhy¡m pr¡gbhyas 

G. pr¡cas pr¡cos pr¡c¡m 

L. pr¡ci pr¡cos pr¡kßu 

V. pr¡© pr¡ñcau pr¡ñcas 

1. Neuter: pr¡k (N./A./V. sg.), pr¡c• (N./A./V. du.), pr¡ñci 

(N./A./V. pl.), 

2. also av¡n (m.), av¡k (n.), par¡n, par¡k 

3. Feminine: pr¡c•-, av¡c•-, par¡c•- 

b. with three stems (añc-, ac-, (-•-or --) c) [pratvañc- ‘opposite’ 

‘west’ ; nyañc- ‘downward’; saµyañc- ‘fit, proper’; tirvañc- 

‘transverse’, ‘going crookedly’; udañc- ‘upward’, ‘northern’ (all 

with weak stem -•c-); vißvañc- ‘going apart’; ‘all-pervading’ 

anvañc- ‘following’ 

(with weak stem -c-): masculine 

1. pratya©, pratvañcam, prat•cas, pratyañcau, pratyagbhy¡m, 

pratyañcas, prat•c¡m (G. pl.), pratyakßu 

2. vißva©, vißc¡, vißcos (G./L. du.), (G./L. du.; A. pl.), 

vißvagbhyas (D./Ab. pl.) 

3. Neuter: pr¡vak, vißvak (sg.), prat•c•, vißc• (du.), 

pratyañci, vißvañci (pl.) 

4. tirvañc-: weak stem is tira-c-: tirya©, tirac¡ (I. sg.), 

tirace (D. sg.), tiryagbhy¡m, tiryakßu, tiryak (n. sg.) 

10 (noun_endings2)


5. udañc-: weak stem is udc-; ud•ce, ud•cas, udañcas, 

udagbhyas, udakßu, udak (n. sg.) 

6. Feminine: prat•c•-, n•c•-, sam•c•-, vißc•-, anc•-, tirac•-, 

ud•c•- 

C. –th and –dh [kath- (m.f.) ‘one who tells’, yudh-(f.) ‘battle’, budh (m.) 

‘one who is awake’] 

1. kat (N./V. sg.), kadbhy¡m (I./D./Ab. du.), katsu (L. pl.) 

2. yut (N./V. sg.), yudham (A. sg.), yudbhis (I. pl.) 

3. bhut (N./V. sg.), budhas (Ab./G. sg.), bhudbhy¡m (I./D./Ab. 

du.), bhutsu (L. pl.) 

[bh is substituted for b before consonant terminations] 

4. Neuter: kat (N./A./V. pl.) 

D. -p, -bh [-gup (m.f.), -labh (m.f.)] 

1. dharma-gup (N./V.m. sg.), -gup¡ (I. sg.), -gubbhis (I. pl.), 

-gupsu (L. pl.) 

2. lap (N./V. sg.), labham (A. sg.), labbhis (I. pl.) 

3. Neuter: gup (N./A./V.m. sg.), gup• (N./A./V. du.), gumpi 

(N./A./V. pl.), 

4. ap- (f.) ‘water’ appears only in the plural: apas (N./V.), apas (A. 

sg.) adbhis (I.), adbhvas (D./Ab.), ap¡m (G.), apsu (L.) 

E. -m [pra-am- ‘one who pacifies’: -an, amau, anbhy¡m, ansu; 

Neuter: an, am•, ami (N./A./V. sg., du. Pl.)] 

F. -c [gir-(f.) ‘voice’, pur (f.) ‘town’, dv¡r (f.) ‘door’] 

1. g•r (g•˙: N./V. sg.), gir¡ (I. sg.), girbhis (I. pl.), g•rßu (L. pl.) 

2. pr (p˙: N./V. sg.), purau (N./A./V. du.), puras (Ab./G. sg., 

N./A./V. pl.) 

3. dv¡r ((N./V. sg.), dv¡ri (L. sg.) dv¡ros (G./L. du.) 

4. Neuter: car ‘one who goes’: car (N./A./V. sg.), cari (N./A./V. 

du.), cari (N./A./V. pl.), 

G. - [ di (f.) ‘direction’, ‘cardinal point’; vi- (m.f.) ‘settler’] 

1. dik (N./V. sg.), dias (Ab./G. sg., N./A./V. pl.), digbhis (I. pl.) 

dikßu (L. pl.) 

[The replacement of s with k is usual.] 

2. vi, vias, vibhis, vißu. 

3. Neuter: vi, vi•, viµi 

11 (noun_endings2)


H. -ß [dviß-(m.) ‘enemy’]: dvi, dvisam, dviß¡, dviße, dvißas, dvißi, dvißau, 

dvibhy¡m, dvißos, dvibhis, dvibhvas, dviß¡m, dvisu 

I. –h [-lih-(m.f.) ‘licking’, duh-‘milking’] 

1. madhu-lit ‘honey-licking’: ‘bee’, -lihas-libhy¡m, -litsu 

2. dhuk (N./V. sg.), duhas, dhugbhis, dhukßu [In roots beginning 

with d-, k or g replaces –h and the initial d- is replaced by the 

aspirate of the same class: druh ‘injuring’: dhruk, dhrugbhis, 

dhrukßu] 

3. Neuter: lit, dhuk (N./A./V. sg.), lih• (N./A./V. du.), liµhi, duµhi, 

(N./A./V. pl.) 

IX. Stems (puµ-, str•-, napuµsaka-li©g¡ni) ending in –as, -is, -us 

A. Masculine stems ending in –as [candramas ‘moon’] 


N. candram¡s candramasau candramasas 

A. candramasam candramasau candramasas 

I. candramas¡ candramobhy¡m candramobhis 

D. candramase candramobhy¡m candramobhyas 

Ab. candramasas candramobhy¡m candramobhyas 

G. candramasas candramasos candramas¡m 

L. candramasi candramasos candrama˙su (-assu) 

V. candramas candramasau candramasas 

[Feminine stems, such as apsara- ‘a nymph’ are declined like masculines. Nouns 

in -is and -us are rare: ¡is-(f.) ‘blessing’: ¡•s (N./V. sg.), ¡ißam (A. sg.), ¡iß¡ 

(I. sg.), ¡ißau (N./A./V. du.), ¡•rbhy¡m (I./D./Ab. du.), ¡ißas (N./A./V. pl.); 

sajus- (m.f.) ‘associate’: sajs (N./V. sg.), sajußau (N./V. du.), sajußas 

(N./A./V. pl.), sajrbhis (I. pl.)] 

B. Neuter stems ending in -as, -is, -us 

[mans- ‘mind’, havis- ‘oblation’, cakßus- ‘eye’] 

N. manas manas• man¡µsi 

havis haviß• hav•µßi 

cakßus cakßuß• caksµßi 

A. cakßus cakßuß• caksµßi 

I. manas¡ manobhy¡m manobhis 

haviß¡ havirbhy¡m havirbhis 

12 (noun_endings2)


cakßuß¡ cakßurbhy¡m cakßurbhis 

D. -e cakßurbhy¡m cakßurbhyas 

Ab. -as cakßurbhy¡m cakßurbhyas 

G. -as manasos cakßuß¡m, etc. 

L. -i havißos manassu/bsu 

havißßu/-˙su 

caksußßu/˙su 

V. [ = N.] [ = N./A.] [ = N./A.] 

X. Stems ending in –ant (-at), -mant (-mat), and –vant (-vat) 

A. Present (active) participles (vartam¡ne kƒdanta) are signified by the 

suffix –ant added to the verb stem. Examples are j•vant- ‘living’, 

gacchant- ‘going’, bhavant- ‘becoming’. 

1. Masculine enings: (j•vant-). Note that the strong stem is j•vant- 

and the weak j•vat- 


N. j•van j•vantau j•vantas 

A. j•vantam j•vantau j•vantas 

I. j•vat¡ j•vadbhy¡m j•vadbhis 

D. j•vate j•vadbhy¡m j•vadbhyas 

Ab. j•vatas j•vadbhy¡m j•vadbhyas 

G. j•vatas j•vatos j•vat¡m 

L. j•vati j•vatos j•vatsu 

V. j•van j•vantau j•vantas 

2. Neuter endings: j•vat (N./A./V. sg.), j•vant• (N./A./V. du.), 

j•vanti (N./A./V. pl.). The rest of the endings are the same as the 

masculine. (As stated in 3, the N./A./V. du. Has an optional 

strong or weak stem for 6 th class verbs and only a weak stem for 

2 nd , 3 rd , 5 th , 8 th , and 9 th class verbs.) 

3. Feminine stems add an -• to either –ant or –at and declined like 

V.B.2 above. 

a. Verbs in the 1 st , 4 th , and 10 th class, -• is added to –ant 

[bhavant•-, d•vyant•-, ‘playing’, corayant•- ‘stealing’] 

b. Verbs in the 6 th class add -• optionally to –ant or –at 

[tudant•- or tudat•- ‘pushing’] 

c. Verbs in the 2 nd , 3 rd , 5 th , 7 th , 8 th , and 9 th , classes use the 

weak stem [adat•- ‘eating’, juhvat•- ‘offering’, sunvat• 

‘extracting’, randhat•- ‘obstructing’, kurvat•- ‘making’, 

13 (noun_endings2)


kr•n¡t•-‘buying’. Verbs ending in –a belonging to the 2 nd 

class may use either the strong or weak stems: v¡nt•- or 

v¡t•- ‘going’.] 

4. mahant-‘great’ is inflected like a participle except ror an -¡ in 

strong stems: mah¡n (N. sg.), mah¡ntam (A. sg.), mah¡ntau 

(N./A./V. du.), mah¡ntas (N./V. pl.), mahan (V. sg.), mahat•- 

(fem. Stem), mah¡nti (N./A./V. pl.). 

5. -ant is also added to future stems to form future (active) 

participles [karißvant- ‘about to do’; bhavißvant- ‘about to 

become’]. 

B. The possessive suffixes –mant and-vant are declined in a similar 

manner as –ant except that the N. sg. is -¡n. 

1. Masculine endings [bhagavant-‘blessed’; ‘Lord’] 


N. bhagav¡n bhagavantau bhagavantas 

A. bhagavantam bhagavamtai bhagavatas 

I. bhagavat¡ bhagavadbhyam bhagavadbhis 

D. bhagavate bhagavadbhyam bhagavadbhyas 

Ab. bhagavatas bhagavadbhyam bhagavadbhyas 

G. bhagavatas bhagavatos bhagavat¡m 

L. bhagavati bhagavatos bhagavatsu 

V. bhagavan bhagavantau bhagavantas 

2. Neuter: r•mant- ‘rich’: r•mat (N./A./V. sg.), rimat• (N./A./V. 

du.), r•manti (N./A./V. pl.) 

C. Feminine stems are formed by adding -• to the weak stem. 

D. bhavant- ‘becoming’ and bhavant- ‘you’ (polite form). 

1. bhavant-: decline like j•vant- 

2. bhavant- (a contracted form of bhagavnt-) is declined like 

bhagant-, except that the V. sg. is bhos. 

XI. Stems ending in -in, -min, -vin (possessive suffixes forming adjectives). 

A. Masculine stems ending in -in [balin- ‘strong’] 


N. bal• balinau balinas 

14 (noun_endings2)


A. balinam balinau balinas 

I. balin¡ balibhy¡m balibhis 

D. baline balibhy¡m balibhyas 

Ab. balinas balibhy¡m balibhyas 

G. balinas balinos balinn¡m 

L. balini balinos balißu 

V. balin balinau balinas 

[Note: the weak stems appear only before the consonantal affixes.] 

B. Neuter: bali (N./A. sg.), balin/bali (V. sg.), balin• (N./A/V. du.), bal•ni 

(N./A./V. pl.) 

[Note: the weak stems include those above and the N./A. sg.] 

C. Masculine and neuter forms ending in -min [sv¡min- ‘master’, ‘owner’] 

1. Masculine” sv¡m• (N. sg.), sv¡min¡ (I. sg.), sv¡minas (N./A./V. 

pl.), sv¡vibhyas (D./Ab. pl.) 

2. Neuter: gom• (N./A. sg.) ‘having cattle’, gomin• (N./A./V. du.), 

gom•ni (N./A./V. pl.) 

D. Masculine and neuter forms ending in –vin [tapasvin-‘heated’, 

yaasvin- ‘beautiful’]: declension same as above. 

E. Feminine forms: add -i [balin•-, sv¡min•, tapasvin•]. 

XII. Stems ending in the comparative-•y¡µs 

A. Masculine (puµ-li©gam) stems [bal•y¡µs- ‘more powerful’] 


N. bal•y¡n bal•y¡µsau bal•y¡µsas 

A. bal•y¡µsam bal•y¡µsau bal•yasas 

I. bal•yas¡ bal•yobhy¡m bal•yobhis 

D. bal•yase bal•yobhy¡m bal•yobhyas 

Ab. bal•yasas bal•yobhy¡m bal•yobhyas 

G. bal•yasas bal•yasos bal•yas¡m 

L. bal•yasi bal•yasos bal•yassu/-˙su 

V. bal•yan bal•yaµsau bal•yaµsas 

B. Neuter (napuµsaja-li©gam) stems 

15 (noun_endings2)


1. revas, revas•, rev¡µsi (N./A./V. sg., du., pl.) ‘better’ (r•- + 

•v¡µs) 

2. bal•vas, bal•vas•, bal•v¡µsi 

3. gar•yas, gar•yas•, gar•v¡µsi, ‘heavier’ (guru- + •v¡µs) 

C. Feminine (str•-li©gam) stems 

1. reyas•- [decline like nartak•-] 

2. bal•yas•- 

3. gar•yas• 

XIII. Stems ending in -v¡µs (perfect active participles) 

A. Masculine endings [vidv¡µs- ‘heaving known’; ‘a learned man’] 


N. vidv¡n vidv¡µsau vidv¡µsas 

A. vidv¡µsam vidv¡µsau vidußos 

I. viduß¡ vidvadbhy¡m vidvadbhis 

D. viduße vidvadbhy¡m vidvadbhyas 

Ab. vidußas vidvadbhy¡m vidvadbhyas 

G. vidußas vidußos vidus¡m 

L. vidußi vidußos vidvatsu 

V. vidvan vidv¡µsau vidv¡µsas 

B. Neuters endings [tassthiv¡µs- ‘having stood’ √sth¡ ‘stand’]: tasthivat 

(N./A./A. sg.), tasthuß• (N./A./V. du.), tasthiv¡µsi (N./A./V. pl.) 

C. Feminine endings: add -• to the weak form (-uß) and decline like 

nartak•-. 

D. This participle is formed on the reduplicated stem of the root. Examples 

are 

1. √gam ‘go’ jagmiv¡µs- 

2. √kƒ ‘do’ cakƒv¡µs- 

3. √bh ‘become’ babhv¡µs- 

XIV. Stems ending in -an (-man, -van) [strong stem in -¡n, middle in –a, and 

weak in –n] 

A. puµ-li©gam [r¡jan- ‘king’; ¡tman ‘self’] 


16 (noun_endings2)


N. r¡j¡ r¡j¡nau r¡j¡nas 

A. r¡j¡nam r¡j¡nau r¡jñas 

I. r¡jñ¡ r¡jabhy¡m r¡jabhis 

D. r¡jñe r¡jabhy¡m r¡jabhyas 

Ab. r¡jñas r¡jabhy¡m r¡jabhyas 

G. r¡jñas r¡jños r¡jñ¡m 

L. r¡jñi/-ani r¡jños r¡jasu 

V. r¡jan r¡j¡nau r¡j¡nas 

N. ¡tm¡ ¡tm¡nau ¡tm¡nas 

A. ¡tm¡nam ¡tm¡nau ¡tm¡nas 

I. ¡tm¡n¡ ¡tmabhy¡m ¡tmabhis 

D. ¡tmane ¡tmabhy¡m ¡tmabhyas 

Ab. ¡tmanas ¡tmabhy¡m ¡tmabhyas 

G. ¡tmanas ¡tmanos ¡tman¡m 

L. ¡tmani ¡tmanos ¡tmasu 

V. ¡tman ¡tm¡nau ¡tm¡nas 

[Note: masculine stems with the suffixes -man and -van are declined like ¡tman-; 

those with the suffix -an are declined like r¡jan-. examples are mrdhan- ‘head’ 

(like r¡jan-); aman- ‘stone’, brahman- ‘name of the creator god’, p¡pman-‘evil’ 

(like ¡tman-).] 

B. napuµsaka-li©gam [karman- ‘deed’; ‘act’; n¡man- ‘name’] 


N. karma karma• karm¡i 

A. karma karma• karm¡i 

I. karma¡ karmabhy¡m karmabhis 

D. karmae karmabhy¡m karmabhyas 

Ab. karmae karmabhy¡m karmabhyas 

G. karmaas karmaos karma¡m 

L. karmaas karmaos karmasu 

V. karma(n) karmai karm¡i 

N. n¡ma n¡mn•/-an• n¡m¡ni 

A. n¡ma n¡mn•/-an• n¡m¡ni 

I. n¡mn¡ n¡mabhy¡m n¡mabhis 

D. n¡mne n¡mabhy¡m n¡mabhyas 

Ab. n¡mnas n¡mabhy¡m n¡mabhyas 

G. n¡mnas n¡mnos n¡mn¡m 

L. n¡mni/-ani n¡mnos n¡masu 

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V. n¡ma/-an n¡mni/-an• n¡m¡ni 

[The same rule applies as in the puµ-li©gam: janman- ‘birth’, veman- ‘house’, 

varman- ‘road’, brahman- ‘devotion, prayer’ follow karman-; preman- ‘love’, 

roman- ‘hair’ follow n¡man-.] 

C. str•-li©gam: add -• to the weak stem (r¡jñ•- ‘queen’, -n¡mn•-, ‘named’ 

and decline like nartak•-. 

D. Irregular stems 

1. panthan- (m.) ‘path’ [strong stem in -¡n (with -¡s in N./V. sg., 

middle stem in -i and path- for the weak stem): 

panth¡s (N./V. sg.), panth¡nam, (A. sg.), path¡ (I. sg.), pathe 

( D. sg.), pathas (Ab./G./ sg.), pathi (L. sg.), panth¡nau (N./A./V. 

du.) pathibhy¡m (I./D./Ab. du.), pathos (G./L. du.), panth¡nas 

(N./V. pl.), pathas (A. pl.), pathibhis (I. pl.), pathibhyas (D./Ab. 

pl.), path¡m (G. pl.) pathißu (L. pl.). 

2. ahan-(n.) ‘day’: middle stem is ahas- [ahas (N./A./V. sg.), aho- 

bhy¡m, -bhis, -bhyas], the weak stem as in n¡man-[ahn¡, ahne, 

ahnas, ahani/ahni, ahn•/ahan• (N./A./V. du.), ahnos, ah¡ni 

(N./A./V. pl.) ahn¡m, ahassu/aha˙su] 

3. van-(m.) ‘dog’ (the weak stem is un-): va (N. sg.), v¡nam (A. 

sg.), un¡ (I. sg.), une, unas, vabhy¡m, v¡nas (N./V. pl.), 

unas (A. pl.), van (V. sg.) ; fem. un•-. 

4. yuvan- ‘youth’ (the weak stem is yn-): yn¡, yune, ynas, yni 

(L. sg.), yuyan (V. sg.), yuyasu (L. pl.) 

5. maghavan- ‘generous’; ‘Indra’ (the weak stem in maghon-): 

maghav¡, maghav¡nam, maghon¡, maghone, maghonas, 

maghavan, (V. sg.), maghav¡nau, maghavabhy¡m, maghonos 

(G./V. du.), maghav¡nas, maghonas (A. pl.), maghon¡m (G. pl.), 

maghavasu (L. pl.) 

18 (noun_endings2)

Sanskrit Nouns

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