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886 Index Tournaments, continued medieval, 105 sumô, 808 and women, 670 and wrestling and grappling: China, 706 and wrestling and grappling: India, 720, 725–726 Toxophilus (Ascham), 806 Toya Akiko, 698 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 189, 192, 193, 197–198, 294, 517, 569, 598, 730, 808 Tôzama, 188 Tracy, Al, 259 Tracy, Jim, 259 Tracy System of Kenpô, 259 Trade and Africa, 7 Training and aikidô, 12–13, 14, 15 and archery, Japan, 20 and baguazhang, 24–25 and boxing, 49–51 and capoeira, 64 and FBI, 87 and Filipino martial arts, 432–433 and Gestapo, 87 and gladiators, 141–142, 147–148 and Janissaries, 807 and Jeet Kune Do, 205–206 and Kajukenbo, 223 and Kalarippayattu, 228–229 and kata, 206 and kendô, 254 and medicine, traditional Chinese, 332–333 and Muay Thai, 352 and ninjutsu, 360 and pankration, 413–414 and performing arts, 417, 421–422 and savate, 522–523 and silat, 527–528 and stage combat, 553–554, 555–556 and swordsmanship, 252 and t’aek’kyŏn, 604–605, 605–606 and taijiquan, 622 and technique, 604–605, 607–608 and thang-ta, 641–642 and U.S. Air Force, 827 and varma ati, 648–649 and Vovinam/Viet Vo Dao, 652–653, 656 and women, 700–704 and wrestling and grappling: China, 708 and wrestling and grappling: India, 720, 723–724 and xingyiquan, 777, 778 See also Combat training; Military training; Police training Training area, 643–646. See also Koryû bugei, Japanese; Religion and spiritual development: ancient Mediterranean and medieval West; Religion and spiritual development: China; Religion and spiritual development: India; Religion and spiritual development: Japan Traite de’Escrime (Fencing Treatise) (Lovino), 323 Trapeze artists, 808 Travels of Lao-ts’an (Liu E), 129, 460 Travels of Marco Polo, 708 Treatise of Ancient Armour and Weapons (Grose), 815–816 A Treatise on Taijiquan (Wang Zongyue), 620 “Treatise on Victorious Warfare,” 546 Trebuchets, 790 Triad gangs and weapons, 819 Triad Society, 29, 39, 41, 127. See also Heaven and Earth Society; Hong League, 39 Triads, 814, 819 Triads of Hong League, 128 Tribes and dueling, 100, 101–102 Trident and gladiators, 142, 143, 144 Tristan and Isolde (Gottfried von Strassburg), 81 Troubadours, 798 and chivalric love, 80 Truga Dei (Truce of God), 77 Trump, Donald, 536 Trung Nhi, 666 Trung Trac, 666 Tsuboi Gendô, 767 Tuccaro, Arcangelo, 808 Tuite, 42 Tum Pai, 221 Turkey and wrestling, 340–342 Turnbull, Stephen, 733 Turnen, 817, 818 Turner, Ted, 742 Turners, 819 Turnverein, 736, 817 Tylor, Edward B., 821
Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 742 U Ba Chan, 632 U Ba Saw, 632 U Maung Gyi, 635 U Zaw Min, 632 Uchiokoshi, 20 Uechi Kanbun, 41, 235, 244, 366 Uechi Kanei, 291 Uechi-ryû, 41 Ueekata, Jana, 240–241 Uemura Masahisa, 479–480 Ueshiba Morihei, 12, 13, 15, 238, 732, 825 Uesugi Kenshin, 189 UFC. See Ultimate Fighting Championship Uganda and military training, 91 Uke, 14 Uliccil (Malayalam), 757 Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), 110, 118, 513, 743, 829 UMNO. See United Malay Nationalists’ Organization Unarmed Combat (Hipkiss), 89 <strong>The</strong> Undefeated, 513 Unforgiven, 152 United Kenpô Systems, 259 United Kingdom and stickfighting, 557, 559 United Malay Nationalists’ Organization (UMNO), 438–439 United Nations, 307 United States and boxing, 89 and dueling, 106–107 and knocking and kicking, 10 and military training, 90, 91–92 and Philippines, 426 and police training, 87 and wrestling and grappling: Europe, 717–718 and wrestling, professional, 736–738 United States Shuai-chiao Association, 709 University of California–Berkeley, 828 Unterhalten, 112 Upanishads, 721 Upper Egypt and stickfighting, 562 Urban II, 77, 269, 451–452 Urban IV, 453 Urban, Peter, 131–132 Urinza, Ana Lezama de, 672 U.S. Air Force and training, 827 U.S. Marines, 86 U.S. Navy, 819 USA Savate and Canne de Combat Association, 561 USSR Sports Federation, 513 Vadakkam pattukal, 754 Vadi, Fillipo, 321 Valdivia, Pedro de, 671 Vale Tudo, 118 Van Lustbader, Eric, 829 Van Wyck, Frederick, 680 Varma ati, 175, 177, 227, 647–651, 798 history of, 647 and kalarippayattu, 647–648, 650 and technique, 648–649, 650 and training, 648–649 and written texts: India, 753, 756, 757 See also Kalarippayattu; India; Religion and spiritual development: India; Written texts: India Varma ati Morivu Cara Cuttiram, 650, 756 Varma Cuttiram, 756 Varna, 463 Varzesh-e-Pahlavani, 342 Vassals and chivalry, 73–74 and knights, 267–268 Vatsayana, 792 Vattel, Emmerich de, 814 Vatten Tirippu, 227 Vayu, 467 Vedas, 721, 821 Vegetius, 449, 670 Venezuela and broma, 10 Venus in Chains (Sacher-Masoch), 678 Veritable Records of the Yi Dynasty, 299 Verne, Jules, 116 Verumkaipidutham, 754 Vice and social uses of the martial arts, 536 Victoria, Queen, 676 Video games and capoeira, 65 Vie de Guillaume li Marechal (Life of William the Marshal), 276 Index 887
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
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improve their arsenal of weapons us
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fact, some of these weapons were co
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The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
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Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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for I strongly object to formality,
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searched and experimented with othe
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Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
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In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 537 and 538:
Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
Page 539 and 540:
A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
Page 553 and 554:
teach the techniques and logic of a
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are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
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“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
Page 567 and 568:
References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
Page 569 and 570:
The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
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modeled on the spurring talons of t
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Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
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English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
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a gibbet immediately outside the li
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lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
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Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
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As a result of the first invasion,
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Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
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and actively, defensively and offen
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to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
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sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
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the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
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A color woodblock print of a duel b
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Another form subscribed to combat s
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tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
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T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636:
distinct identity, with a common fo
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Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
Page 639 and 640:
Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
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ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
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Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
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powerful larger, sweeping, striking
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tablished. The earth’s energy/for
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Choreographed two-person sets are a
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———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
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Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
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Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
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Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
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martial art. As a result, its metho
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Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
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and those warriors who possess this
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Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
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Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
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Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
Page 679 and 680:
in this system. There are three set
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One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
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vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
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1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
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senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
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660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
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666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
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678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
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682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
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Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
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746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
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752 Written Texts: India Beginning
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754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
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756 Written Texts: India skritized
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758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
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762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
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766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
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768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
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772 Written Texts: Japan
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Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
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A student practices xingyiquan at t
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Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
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Undated photo of the legendary Gran
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784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
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786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
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About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
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About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
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141 cont. animals themselves, the a
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Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
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1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
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1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
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About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
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About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
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1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
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1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
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Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
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Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
Page 866 and 867: Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
Page 869 and 870: AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
Page 871 and 872: and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874: Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
Page 875 and 876: Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
Page 877 and 878: Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
Page 879 and 880: Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
Page 881 and 882: Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884: Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
Page 885 and 886: Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
Page 887 and 888: and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
Page 889 and 890: and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
Page 891 and 892: 303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
Page 893 and 894: Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
Page 895 and 896: Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
Page 897 and 898: May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
Page 899 and 900: Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
Page 901 and 902: Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
Page 903 and 904: Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
Page 905 and 906: Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
Page 907 and 908: Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
Page 909 and 910: Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
Page 911 and 912: Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
Page 913 and 914: and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
Page 915: Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
Page 919 and 920: Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
Page 921 and 922: and tournaments, 706 and training,
Page 923 and 924: Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
Page 925: About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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