- Page 1: Martial Arts of the World
- Page 4 and 5: Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
- Page 6 and 7: vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
- Page 10 and 11: x Editorial Board Comparative Cultu
- Page 12 and 13: xii Contributor List Ronald A. Harr
- Page 15 and 16: As many gallons of ink have been sp
- Page 17 and 18: Obviously, a single work cannot hop
- Page 19: A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
- Page 22 and 23: A picture of a Zulu warrior holding
- Page 24 and 25: 4 Africa and African America queen
- Page 26 and 27: 6 Africa and African America the ob
- Page 28 and 29: 8 Africa and African America from t
- Page 30 and 31: 10 Africa and African America movem
- Page 32 and 33: 12 Aikidô Paul, Sigrid. 1987. “T
- Page 34 and 35: An aikidô approach to conflict beg
- Page 36 and 37: Tôhei, Koichi. 1978. Ki in Daily L
- Page 38 and 39: 18 Archery, Japanese The pure anima
- Page 40 and 41: 20 Archery, Japanese ical disciplin
- Page 43 and 44: Baguazhang (Pa Kua Ch’uan) Of the
- Page 45 and 46: and throwing techniques and also ho
- Page 47 and 48: fencing, and even a form of footbal
- Page 49 and 50: on one occasion their heroic exploi
- Page 51 and 52: pects of the traditional arts, part
- Page 53 and 54: of fighting was believed to be the
- Page 55 and 56: so those skills were more deeply re
- Page 57 and 58: Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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Shaolin arts have quite a diversity
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there continued to be an associatio
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new orientation for martial arts su
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and to the point.” Pugnus derives
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and techniques, undergo expert coac
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Wrestling, hip throws, armlocks (an
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Trainers often use such tools, toge
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and the Canal Zone, and he is said
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During the 1980s, Hélio Gracie’s
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Western texts on Japanese fighting
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———. 1990. “Arts of War in
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Theatrical reproduction of the macu
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An acrobatic kick from a one-handed
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66 China the Han Chinese majority,
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Young children in Beijing going thr
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A crowd watches as a couple stages
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72 Chivalry Xie Zhaozhe. 1935. Wuza
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74 Chivalry less. Within this very
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76 Chivalry At an earlier time, the
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78 Chivalry There were eight crusad
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80 Chivalry Most aristocratic marri
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82 Chivalry England’s gentry. In
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cavalry fencing side by side on hor
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Sven J. Jorgensen teaches Seattle p
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samooborona bez oruzhiya (Russian;
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y Canada’s E. Hartley Leather, an
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soldiers were not aikidô masters b
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94 Combatives: Military and Police
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Dojang See Training Area Dôjô See
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A Code of Honor—A Duel in the Boi
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strongly works against the developm
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This pattern of an elite warrior st
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A knife would be pressed into each
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fights a duel except in order to be
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Escrima See Philippines Europe The
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out the conquered territories of As
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emphasized physical conditioning an
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fighting matches, a favorite villag
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Illustration published in 1958 of a
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References Anglo, Sydney. 1987. “
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Not only the origins of the respect
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Folklore in the Martial Arts The ma
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A nineteenth-century depiction of M
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figure offers him meat to build his
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Japanese led the practice of native
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other supposedly discovered the tre
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art of pentjak silat exists the mag
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Yang Hong and Li Li. 1991. Wenwu zh
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ow—of the kata do not change. By
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Moreover, they say, it is important
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Gladiators Although Rome deserves c
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An incredible and fantastic display
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The Samnites were indeed a civiliza
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the fechtbuchs (Dutch; fighting man
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Gunfighters Gunfighters, also known
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vided the basis for John Ford’s 1
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the Louis L’Amour novel Heller wi
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Lake, Stuart. 1931. Wyatt Earp, Fro
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158 Hapkidô cluded archery, lance,
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160 Hapkidô A preponderance of Hap
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162 “Hard” Chinese Martial Arts
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A medieval trial by combat between
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166 Heralds the death) of real warf
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168 Heralds record those that were
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A photo of Nakamura Taizaburo taken
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172 Iaidô benefit the players. The
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Demonstration of the power of Kalar
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Relief carving on the headstone of
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178 Internal Chinese Martial Arts R
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180 Japan China since the ancient p
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A samurai in full battle armor bran
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184 Japan Tenmu’s conscript army
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186 Japan The third war was more ac
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188 Japan as the Ônin War, and las
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190 Japan led by Tokugawa Ieyasu wo
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192 Japan much influence on the pro
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194 Japan Stories of loyal warriors
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196 Japan to one’s parents and lo
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198 Japan Toyotomi’s death and th
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Kagamisato (left) and Yoshibayama (
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202 Jeet Kune Do References Cuyler,
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Actor, martial artist, and creator
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206 Jeet Kune Do that they would no
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208 Jeet Kune Do The main objective
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210 Jûdô Inosanto, Dan. 1980. Jee
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A photo of the women’s section at
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Top: Thomas R. Goudy attempting an
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216 Jûdô styles (such as the Isra
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Kajukenbo A pragmatic American mart
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ity to adapt themselves to any rule
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gers as claws, which were taken fro
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Kalarippayattu Kalarippayattu (Mala
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for stage combat displaying the pro
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style teach cumattadi, sequences of
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ox” of such mantras, each of whic
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Kumite (free sparring) during karat
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gashionna (Higaonna) Kamesuke, Ôts
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Left: Practitioners of Japanese kar
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the Japanese people through the mar
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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Sensei Ty Yocham demonstrates techn
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Higashionna Kanryô. Apart from sub
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The training was demanding and seve
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Demura, Fumio. 1971. Shitô Ryû Ka
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Teachers and future teachers of the
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thusiasts, and indeed it was even p
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Ozawa, Hiroshi. 1997. Kendô: The D
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sisted of sharpened prongs at both
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to Kara-hô Kenpô. By substituting
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often a vague concept, most traditi
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Knights Knight and related words (w
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A medieval manuscript illumination
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From the mid-tenth to the beginning
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tus of caballarius/miles. Between a
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1120, the eldest sons of most noble
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expected to serve the state not onl
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First, of course, were the military
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knight’s personal-lineal arms, an
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(Oakeshott Type XIV, 1275-1340) and
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By 1350, the process of adding ever
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knight in the name of God and St. G
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ut by a continuous decline in the u
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Sai versus sword. (Courtesy of Ron
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Peichin; warrior) studied karate in
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Chinen Masame (Yamane-ryû), Uechi
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ean ssirŭm and Japanese sumô. The
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Junior high school students compete
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Ji Han-Jae was greatly responsible
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Choi Hong Hi, and He-Young Kimm. 20
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No Sa-Sin. 1481 (Tangi Year 4291 ).
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their own schools, teaching on thei
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which the details of the school’s
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was to bring as many Jews as possib
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310 Krav Maga terest from the gener
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312 Krav Maga wrestling takedowns.
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David Carradine practicing the art
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Masters of Defence European fightin
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Defense and disarming moves as taug
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seventeenth centuries. Talhoffer, l
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an influential treatise at the time
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the time, also taught wrestling, gr
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———. 1980. The Sword and the
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volves a moral determination of goo
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those of Japan and Korea. These cul
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Disease, dissension, and strife are
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Meditation Meditation is the genera
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is a state of mind that is cultivat
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An Indian copy done in Persian styl
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Alireza Dabir of Iran waves his cou
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the Safawid Brotherhood (a Sufi bro
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everence, but for the most part hav
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Two Outer Mongolian wrestlers in th
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walk. Children were often placed on
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Combatants in a Muay Thai match in
- Page 373 and 374:
while the rear foot moves first goi
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Ninjutsu Ninjutsu is the Japanese m
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of Japan. With the destruction of t
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for ninja actions. For night work,
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and other martial arts into their r
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364 Okinawa Land of Happy Immortals
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366 Okinawa Form of the Lords), thu
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368 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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370 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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372 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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374 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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376 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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378 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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380 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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382 Orders of Knighthood, Religious
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384 Orders of Knighthood, Secular t
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A medieval woodcut depicting King A
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388 Orders of Knighthood, Secular w
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390 Orders of Knighthood, Secular d
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392 Orders of Knighthood, Secular t
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394 Orders of Knighthood, Secular d
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396 Orders of Knighthood, Secular s
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398 Orders of Knighthood, Secular t
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400 Orders of Knighthood, Secular b
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Pa Kua Ch’uan See Baguazhang (Pa
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Two staff weapons deserve special m
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Lua practitioners were taught the a
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nal defeat and the match would end.
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cepted as an official sport. It qui
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Holds used in pankration were those
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to compete fairly and honestly, the
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Pattern Practice See Form/Xing/Kata
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The heroic display ethos of a cultu
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A Cossack soldier performs a dance
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Filipino armed combat is known vari
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is oral and the history is written.
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le knife; (5) single knife and empt
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fencing school. Since General Ricar
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though it stings and is useful for
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numbers. To play by numbers means t
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Political Conflict and the Martial
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turn aside knives and bullets in ba
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zation) politicians. Similarly, ten
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taekwondo was agreed upon because o
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Qi See Ki/Qi Q 443
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Martial Arts of the World An Encycl
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Volume 1: A-Q Africa and African Am
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Wrestling and Grappling: Europe, 71
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Rank The word rank in this context
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ut also by non-Asian systems and co
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military discipline as well as mora
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eligious processions. These public
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In 1215, Pope Innocent III summoned
- Page 485 and 486:
Helgeland, John. “Roman Army Reli
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The exercise value of martial arts
- Page 489 and 490:
For nearly 900 years following the
- Page 491 and 492:
He had apparently conditioned his b
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in modern times, the principle of n
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tice of brahmacharya (celibacy; the
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Indra, thinking the golden orb was
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titioner’s overall strength such
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Edited by Bradley Hertel and Cynthi
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A story from the famous series Biyu
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tury. In 1868 a new regime, known a
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and they became an integral part of
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Eventually, they would adopt textbo
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thing-dô.” In 1914 the superinte
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Although Suzuki frequently quoted f
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Draeger declared that these activit
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fostered the development of textual
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ticipation in public ceremonies not
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martial art diplomas at pseudorelig
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fucian texts spread beyond the conf
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In spite of the enduring popularity
- Page 527 and 528:
time, most educated people already
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———. 1953. Zen in the Art of
- Page 531 and 532:
———. 1995 (1993). “The Zen
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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508 Sambo today over which of the t
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510 Sambo The development of sambo
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512 Sambo wear shorts or a wresting
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514 Samurai Samurai Japan’s famou
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516 Samurai arms. The result was th
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518 Samurai were inheritors of fami
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520 Savate puller]) into his savate
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522 Savate developed the glove syst
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524 Silat exists that can be starte
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Kelentan silat master Haji Su and h
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Silat experts must be able to use t
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530 Silat is composed of indigenous
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532 Social Uses of the Martial Arts
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A boy practicing martial arts on a
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536 Social Uses of the Martial Arts
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538 “Soft” Chinese Martial Arts
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Silat practice in Japanese-style un
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542 Southeast Asia stances than any
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544 Southeast Asia Malay and Indone
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546 Southeast Asia Thailand Muay Th
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548 Southeast Asia with skills perp
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550 Southeast Asia ported to have b
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552 Stage Combat short-sword, staff
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554 Stage Combat ning training in s
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556 Stickfighting, Non-Asian fied t
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James Figg teaches men the art of s
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560 Stickfighting, Non-Asian sock o
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562 Stickfighting, Non-Asian associ
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564 Sword, Japanese Sinclair, G. 19
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566 Sword, Japanese this period sho
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568 Sword, Japanese of the combined
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570 Swordsmanship, European Medieva
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Defense and disarming moves as taug
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574 Swordsmanship, European Medieva
- Page 606 and 607:
576 Swordsmanship, European Medieva
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578 Swordsmanship, European Medieva
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The rapier was the epitome of the R
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A number of the masters reveal in t
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incredibly deceptive and agile atta
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logical evidence it is clear that t
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588 Swordsmanship, Japanese street
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Nakamura Taizaburo in a scene from
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592 Swordsmanship, Japanese holding
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594 Swordsmanship, Japanese warding
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596 Swordsmanship, Japanese others.
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kendô. The Japanese ban on Korean
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Methods of Using the Sword in Haedo
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Although its movements are aestheti
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604 T’aek’kyŏn erences to it i
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606 T’aek’kyŏn section consist
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608 Taekwondo ears, and forehead. T
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610 Taekwondo martial art, also bec
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A taekwondo practitioner breaks wit
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614 Taekwondo power the heel alone
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616 Taekwondo score a technique win
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618 Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan) tr
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620 Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan) (p
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622 Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan) sc
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624 Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan) Ta
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626 Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan) my
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628 Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan) mo
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630 Thaing the beginning of the twe
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632 Thaing stop guerrilla warfare;
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634 Thaing Lethwei is the Burmese b
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636 Thaing Kachin animal systems em
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638 Thang-Ta the principal inhabita
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640 Thang-Ta in the left. The spear
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642 Thang-Ta 5. Before each trainin
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644 Training Area In other instance
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646 Training Area sociated with the
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As one practitioner explained, know
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650 Varma Ati can intuitively unloc
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652 Vovinam/Viet Vo Dao tem was dev
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654 Vovinam/Viet Vo Dao Vietminh, a
- Page 686 and 687:
656 Vovinam/Viet Vo Dao rolling tec
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Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei The
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sects do not waste any opportunitie
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gional warlords, those with suffici
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priestesses throughout the Mediterr
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697 Roman Catholic priests prohibit
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Thirteenth century Tahitian priests
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1541 Pedro de Valdivia leads a mili
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young man from Bordeaux. Marie was
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About 1794 According to sociologist
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childless Blackfeet women to partic
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included Eleanor Baldwin Cass, and
- Page 711 and 712:
References Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf L
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Miletich, Leo N. 1994. Dan Stuart
- Page 715 and 716:
Seattle police officer Sven J. Jorg
- Page 717 and 718:
In the words of a Scientific Americ
- Page 719 and 720:
Gorn, Elliott J., and Warren Goldst
- Page 721 and 722:
it in 1279. The Song History record
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• The Seductress, who preoccupies
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Women did not train in using the ka
- Page 727 and 728:
A late-nineteenth-century depiction
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ticipate in competitions in the mod
- Page 731 and 732:
designed to be practiced in standar
- Page 733 and 734:
yû in private. As part of the trai
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———. 1994/1995. “The Higo K
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Two Mongolian wrestlers lock themse
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There is no mat or groundwork in sh
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Two wrestlers at the University of
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ture generations of students, it is
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the Roman world. The Romans added n
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One of the giants of the Cumberland
- Page 749 and 750:
world narrows into a global village
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dands and bethaks. Each of these
- Page 753 and 754:
the rhetoric associated with wrestl
- Page 755 and 756:
A traditional Indian sandpit wrestl
- Page 757 and 758:
Competitive Politics in North India
- Page 759 and 760:
century A.D., mentions sumô in its
- Page 761 and 762:
just to the movement of things forw
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In the 1980s, the American Stephen
- Page 765 and 766:
Ratti, Oscar, and Adele Westbrook.
- Page 767 and 768:
Professional wrestlers British Bull
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pionships, and subsequently organiz
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owed to the energy, or “heat,”
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Martial artists also were involved:
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Biographies of Outstanding Old Time
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focused mind is a must in hand-to-h
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Written Texts: India Within Indian
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Nineteenth-century illustration of
- Page 783 and 784:
In keeping with the encyclopedic na
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Madras University library manuscrip
- Page 787 and 788:
elow the nipple, but the lack of a
- Page 789 and 790:
that it defies all attempts at simp
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experiences and systematized their
- Page 793 and 794:
(1572-1662). Kôyô gunkan consists
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The earliest extant martial art tre
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of imperturbability, the immovable
- Page 799 and 800:
See also Archery, Japanese; Budô,
- Page 801 and 802:
Written Texts: Japan 771
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Wushu See Boxing, Chinese Wushu 773
- Page 806 and 807:
Two students at the Shen Wu Academy
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778 Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) b
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Yongchun/Wing Chun Yongchun (perhap
- Page 813 and 814:
Noting that the earliest solid evid
- Page 815 and 816:
stance, which calls for feet should
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Chronological History of the Martia
- Page 819 and 820:
immunity from all types of weapons.
- Page 821 and 822:
tesies; while not all of them were
- Page 823 and 824:
tial art practice forms have rectil
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789 The Japanese aristocracy start
- Page 827 and 828:
claim to fame was that it trained i
- Page 829 and 830:
on Ireland, and the victors were de
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1289 Kublai Khan issues orders proh
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France. His military exploits and h
- Page 835 and 836:
and that King Shô Shin was actuall
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makes muskets more accurate, and co
- Page 839 and 840:
scriptions of the Korean martial ar
- Page 841 and 842:
Maratha hero Shivaji agrees to disc
- Page 843 and 844:
Japanese ultranationalists, and the
- Page 845 and 846:
1768 In the Clerkenwell district of
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1803 The word amateur enters the En
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1842 A prizefight between Charles F
- Page 851 and 852:
1865 With the publication of a book
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lishes an article called “The New
- Page 855 and 856:
Wrestling.” This was a carefully
- Page 857 and 858:
sia with an Islamic nationalist gov
- Page 859 and 860:
Jose kenpô stylist called Black Mi
- Page 861 and 862:
Combs, Roger. 1983. Gun Digest Book
- Page 863 and 864:
Jones, Gwynn. 1968. A History of th
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Sporting, Its Construction, History
- Page 867:
Tannahill, Reay. 1975. Flesh and Bl
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840 Index Alfonso “the Implacable
- Page 872 and 873:
842 Index Bahadur, G., 632 Balakris
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844 Index “Bread and circuses,”
- Page 876 and 877:
846 Index Chattambi Swamigal, 650-6
- Page 878 and 879:
848 Index Company of the Dragon, 39
- Page 880 and 881:
850 Index Dueling, 97-108, 807, 810
- Page 882 and 883:
852 Index Fighting guilds and maste
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854 Index Goshidô Kempô, 256 Gosu
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856 Index Heihô michi shirube (Gui
- Page 888 and 889:
858 Index Inoki, Antonio, 51 Inosan
- Page 890 and 891:
860 Index Jixiao Xinshu (New Text o
- Page 892 and 893:
862 Index Ki, 12, 13, 335-336 Ki/qi
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864 Index Kung Fu, 66, 153, 314 Kun
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866 Index Magellan, Ferdinand, 426,
- Page 898 and 899:
868 Index Military training, contin
- Page 900 and 901:
870 Index National Bandô Associati
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872 Index Order of St. Maurice, 377
- Page 904 and 905:
874 Index Performing arts, 417-422
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876 Index Ranking system, continued
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878 Index Samoa, 403. See also Paci
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880 Index Shô Shin, King, 41, 240,
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882 Index Stickfighting, non-Asian,
- Page 914 and 915:
884 Index Taira family, 184-185, 18
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886 Index Tournaments, continued me
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888 Index Viera, Jelon, 64 Viet Lon
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890 Index Women, continued as soldi
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892 Index Written texts: Japan, 758
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894 Index Zen in the Art of Archery