Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in 1959. In 1419, a rival sect established the Se-ra monastery at Lhasa. Because Tibetan political power rested in the hands of abbots and prelates, a corps of warrior monks, or dob-dob, was also established at this monastery. The warriors’ training consisted of running in the hills, throwing stones at targets, practicing high and long jumping, and fighting with clubs and swords. About 1450 A retired samurai named Choisai Ienao establishes the Tenshin Shoden Katori Shintô-ryû. This is Japan’s oldest documented martial art school. 1474 The Swiss establish the Société de l’Harquebuse (French; Society of the Harquebus) at Geneva, making it the country’s first gun club. As in modern shooting sports, the shooters fired at black bull’s-eyes surrounded by concentric rings. As the targets stood 200 yards from the firing line, weapons probably included rifles as well as harquebuses. 1485 Portuguese merchants arrive at Benin City, in southern Nigeria; the Portuguese describe the Bini soldiers as carrying iron swords, wooden shields, and iron-tipped spears, and using poisoned arrows. 1486 Sword dances are outlawed in Vitoria, Spain; the reason given is “the scandalous behaviour and shedding of blood occasioned by them” (Alford 1962, 121–122). Iberian dances of the era often feigned combat between Moors and Christians. Hence the English term Morris (from Moorish) dancing. Besides patriotism, their purposes included impressing women. About 1499 The Sikh religion, which borrowed tenets of faith from both Hinduism and Islam, appears in the Punjab. One unusual Sikh weapon was a sharpened steel washer measuring about 7 inches in diameter. The weapon was known as a chakra (circle), and aristocratic Sikhs often carried two or three stuffed inside their turbans and amused themselves by twirling them around their forefingers and then flicking them toward targets; the television heroine of Xena, Warrior Princess is of course the most famous chakra user in recent memory. More important personal weapons for Sikh soldiers included swords, bucklers, lances, and daggers. About 1500 The Iranian Shah Ismail I makes Shiism the paramount Islamic faith in Azerbaijan and Iran. Ismail was also an avid physical culturalist, and the modern Zour Khaneh (Iranian academies of physical training) owe much to his patronage. About 1500 The straight-bladed rapier known as the Toledo appears in Spain. The design is important because it evolved into the modern épée. 1509 A monument is built at Shuri, Okinawa, to honor the accomplishments of the Ryûkyûan king Shô Shin. In 1926, the Okinawan scholar Iha Fuyu interpreted the part of the monument reading “Swords and bows and arrows exclusively are accumulated as weapons in the protection of the country” to mean that the king had ordered the collection of all the iron weapons in the country. In 1987, Professor Mitsugu Sakihara of the University of Hawaii showed that this was a misinterpretation of the text, 804 Chronological History of the Martial Arts
and that King Shô Shin was actually stockpiling arms rather than suppressing them (Sakihara 1987, 164–166, also 199, fn. 76). About 1510 Matchlock harquebuses enter service throughout Europe. 1517 A Spanish expedition commanded by Hernán Cortés introduces crossbows, cannons, iron armor, horses, and war dogs into Yucatán and Mexico. Although the Spanish thus had superior technology, the conquest of Mexico owed less to technology than to the hatred that the coastal Indians had for the Mexica- Tenochitlans, who raped coastal Indian women and boys, then cut out their hearts and ate their arms and legs. 1517 The Bolognese fencing master Achille Marozzo writes a manuscript he calls Opera Nova chiamata duello, or New Work of Dueling. First published in 1536 and continuously reedited until 1568, this was probably the most important Italian fencing manual of the Renaissance. 1521 On Cebu, in the Philippines, a band of Filipinos enraged over Spanish sailors impregnating local women kills Ferdinand Magellan. The hour of hard fighting it took the 1,100 Filipinos to kill the capitán-general and chase his remaining forty or so men back into their longboats suggests that the historic martial arts of the Philippines may not have been as deadly as modern Filipino nationalists sometimes claim. 1525 In the wake of the Peasants’ War in Swabia and Franconia, German nobles suppress Carnival, trade fairs, and the pugilistic entertainments featured in them. 1528 In India, the Timurid conqueror Babur holds a darbar (public festival) to celebrate the circumcision of his son, Humayun. Rajputs and Sikhs held similar initiation ceremonies for their boys, and scheduled amusements included animal fights, wrestling, dancing, and acrobatics. About 1530 English tournament fighters are reported shaking one another’s unarmored hands after completing their matches. A century later Quakers adopt the courtesy as “more agreeable with Christian simplicity” than either bowing or cheek kissing. The practice of passing knives by the handle also dates to the midsixteenth century. This was a matter of courtly etiquette rather than common practice, and for the next three centuries, the European practice of eating from the blades of foot-long knives horrified most Asians. About 1532 After learning five different ways of seizing an opponent from a traveling wizard, a Japanese man named Takenouchi Hisamori establishes a martial art school that teaches students to defeat their opponents by tying them up. Although Takenouchi-ryû teachers sometimes claim that theirs is Japan’s oldest jûjutsu system, that has never been definitively proven. 1533 Francisco Pizarro and a few hundred Spanish cavalrymen and harquebusiers, plus an equal number of Indian archers and spearmen, conquer the Inca Empire. Although nineteenth-century scholars said that the most important reasons for Pizarro’s success were his unshakable faith in God and glory, twentiethcentury historians give greater importance to a smallpox epidemic that preceded Pizarro in the Andes. Chronological History of the Martial Arts 805
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1416<br />
cont.<br />
Chinese destroyed it in 1959. In 1419, a rival sect established<br />
the Se-ra monastery at Lhasa. Because Tibetan political power<br />
rested in the hands of abbots and prelates, a corps of warrior<br />
monks, or dob-dob, was also established at this monastery. <strong>The</strong><br />
warriors’ training consisted of running in the hills, throwing<br />
stones at targets, practicing high and long jumping, and fighting<br />
with clubs and swords.<br />
About 1450 A retired samurai named Choisai Ienao establishes the Tenshin<br />
Shoden Katori Shintô-ryû. This is Japan’s oldest documented<br />
martial art school.<br />
1474 <strong>The</strong> Swiss establish the Société de l’Harquebuse (French; Society<br />
of the Harquebus) at Geneva, making it the country’s first<br />
gun club. As in modern shooting sports, the shooters fired at<br />
black bull’s-eyes surrounded by concentric rings. As the targets<br />
stood 200 yards from the firing line, weapons probably included<br />
rifles as well as harquebuses.<br />
1485 Portuguese merchants arrive at Benin City, in southern Nigeria;<br />
the Portuguese describe the Bini soldiers as carrying iron<br />
swords, wooden shields, and iron-tipped spears, and using poisoned<br />
arrows.<br />
1486 Sword dances are outlawed in Vitoria, Spain; the reason given<br />
is “the scandalous behaviour and shedding of blood occasioned<br />
by them” (Alford 1962, 121–122). Iberian dances of the era often<br />
feigned combat between Moors and Christians. Hence the<br />
English term Morris (from Moorish) dancing. Besides patriotism,<br />
their purposes included impressing women.<br />
About 1499 <strong>The</strong> Sikh religion, which borrowed tenets of faith from both<br />
Hinduism and Islam, appears in the Punjab. One unusual Sikh<br />
weapon was a sharpened steel washer measuring about 7<br />
inches in diameter. <strong>The</strong> weapon was known as a chakra (circle),<br />
and aristocratic Sikhs often carried two or three stuffed inside<br />
their turbans and amused themselves by twirling them around<br />
their forefingers and then flicking them toward targets; the television<br />
heroine of Xena, Warrior Princess is of course the most<br />
famous chakra user in recent memory. More important personal<br />
weapons for Sikh soldiers included swords, bucklers,<br />
lances, and daggers.<br />
About 1500 <strong>The</strong> Iranian Shah Ismail I makes Shiism the paramount Islamic<br />
faith in Azerbaijan and Iran. Ismail was also an avid physical<br />
culturalist, and the modern Zour Khaneh (Iranian academies of<br />
physical training) owe much to his patronage.<br />
About 1500 <strong>The</strong> straight-bladed rapier known as the Toledo appears in<br />
Spain. <strong>The</strong> design is important because it evolved into the modern<br />
épée.<br />
1509 A monument is built at Shuri, Okinawa, to honor the accomplishments<br />
of the Ryûkyûan king Shô Shin. In 1926, the Okinawan<br />
scholar Iha Fuyu interpreted the part of the monument<br />
reading “Swords and bows and arrows exclusively are accumulated<br />
as weapons in the protection of the country” to mean that<br />
the king had ordered the collection of all the iron weapons in the<br />
country. In 1987, Professor Mitsugu Sakihara of the University<br />
of Hawaii showed that this was a misinterpretation of the text,<br />
804 Chronological History of the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>