Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
141 cont. animals themselves, the animal dances of Turkic animists seem a more likely source, especially if those dances were done by sorcerers interested in acquiring the animals’ magical powers. About 200 A Christian philosopher named Clement of Alexandria writes that women should be athletes for God. That is, they should wrestle with the Devil and devote themselves to celibacy instead of bowing meekly to their destiny of mothers and wives. About 220 As a way of recruiting the best fighters for his bodyguard, a Chinese warlord named Liubei begins holding fencing tournaments. 271 A group of Gothic women captured while armed and dressed as men are paraded through Rome wearing signs that read “Amazons.” 302 Stirrups appear in Chinese art, the Turks or Mongols then beginning to invade the country having introduced the devices. The most famous member of the Han resistance to the contemporary invasions is Hua Mulan, a young girl who takes her elderly father’s place in the Northern dynasty army. About 378 In Mexico, the Tikal king Jaguar-Paw and his brother Smoking- Frog begin using atlatls (Nahuatl; spear-throwers), for the purpose of killing enemies from long range. (Earlier battles had been fought hand-to-hand.) Fifth century Quarterstaffs become associated with Daoist exorcisms. The idea was that when the priest pointed his staff toward heaven, the gods bowed and the earth smiled, but when he pointed it at demons, the cowardly rascals fled. About 400 The Indian poet Vatsayana writes the Kama Sutra, or “Aphorisms on Love.” Along with acrobatic sex, the Kama Sutra also taught Indian courtesans to captivate men through regular practice with sword, singlestick, quarterstaff, and bow and arrow. 495 The Shaolin Temple is built at Bear’s Ear Peak in the Song Mountains of Henan province. The name means “the young forest,” and alludes to the forest in north India where the Buddha chose to depart this life. 501 The king of the Burgundians introduces trial by battle into Western Christianity. About 530 According to tradition, an Indian monk known as Bodhidharma (Carrier of Wisdom) introduces southern Indian moving meditations to the monks of the Shaolin Monastery in Henan province. About 550 During an exhibition held at the court of the Liang dynasty Wu Di emperor, a Buddhist monk called Dong Quan (Eastern Fist) uses unarmed techniques to disarm armed attackers. 590 The Christian Synod of Druim Ceat orders British women to quit going into battle alongside their men. The ban must not have been especially effective, since the daughter of Alfred the Great is remembered as the conqueror of Wales and the people who taught sword dancing to the Ulster hero Cu Chulainn were female. About 600 The imperial court of China’s Tang dynasty hires Punjabi and Bengali astrologers to teach Vedic astrology. This may have significance for the Chinese martial arts, as many subsequent mar- 792 Chronological History of the Martial Arts
tial art practice forms have rectilinear patterns whose designs are similar to those used by Vedic astrologers to cast birth charts and horoscopes. (Practice inside tiled courtyards is another possible explanation, but defining social space using geometric methods was vastly more important to thirteenth-century Muslims and sixteenth-century Western Europeans than to seventh-century Chinese.) About 630 Norasimhavarman I Marmalla, the Vaishnavite king of southern India’s Pallava dynasty, commissions dozens of granite sculptures showing unarmed fighters disarming armed opponents. About 647 The White Huns settle in northern India. Various Rajput (King’s Sons) clans claim descent from these warriors. This seems unlikely. First, reliable Rajput genealogies rarely go back further than the eleventh century. Second, Muslim chroniclers do not start describing Hindu warriors as Rajput rather than kshatriya until the tenth century. So the Rajputs are probably not White Huns, but Hindus who got tired of the passive resistance that many Brahmans preached. 668 The Chinese capture the Koguryo capital of Pyongyang, leaving a political vacuum in Korea that Silla quickly fills. The question has been raised of why the Chinese did not also conquer Silla. Evidently the government was too well organized and the military too strong. Koreans also believe that the Silla warriors’ hwarang spirit deserves some of the credit. It is also unclear what hwarang refers to. The name translates into something akin to “Young Flower Masters.” It could refer to an earlier women’s group that its members replaced politically, the flower of manhood the members represented, a flower that the Buddha once held aloft to admire, a Korean gambling game that involves fencing with reeds, or something else altogether. In any case, the followers of hwarang were said to refine their morals, learn right from wrong, and select the best from among themselves to be their leaders. Aristocratic youths were inducted into this organization while aged 14–18 years. Usually there were about 200 hwarang scattered throughout the kingdom, each with an entourage of about a thousand, and they frequently served as generals or political advisors. About 671 The Byzantines develop a liquid incendiary called by the Franks Greek fire. 680 During a battle at Karbala, Iraq, the third Shiite imam, al-Hussein ibn ‘Ali, disappears under a shower of arrows. To commemorate his martyrdom, the Shiites instituted a forty-day period of mourning in 1109. Known as Muharram (abstinence), this observance originally meant little more than hanging black sheets from windows. But over time people took to showing their piety in more sanguinary ways. Lent served a similar purpose for Christians, while for Rajputs, it was Dussehra. 682 In an essay called The Canon on the Philosopher’s Stone, the Chinese alchemist Sun Simiao becomes the first person known to have written that saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur are explosive when mixed. Chronological History of the Martial Arts 793
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tial art practice forms have rectilinear patterns whose designs<br />
are similar to those used by Vedic astrologers to cast birth<br />
charts and horoscopes. (Practice inside tiled courtyards is another<br />
possible explanation, but defining social space using geometric<br />
methods was vastly more important to thirteenth-century<br />
Muslims and sixteenth-century Western Europeans than to<br />
seventh-century Chinese.)<br />
About 630 Norasimhavarman I Marmalla, the Vaishnavite king of southern<br />
India’s Pallava dynasty, commissions dozens of granite<br />
sculptures showing unarmed fighters disarming armed<br />
opponents.<br />
About 647 <strong>The</strong> White Huns settle in northern India. Various Rajput<br />
(King’s Sons) clans claim descent from these warriors. This<br />
seems unlikely. First, reliable Rajput genealogies rarely go back<br />
further than the eleventh century. Second, Muslim chroniclers<br />
do not start describing Hindu warriors as Rajput rather than<br />
kshatriya until the tenth century. So the Rajputs are probably<br />
not White Huns, but Hindus who got tired of the passive resistance<br />
that many Brahmans preached.<br />
668 <strong>The</strong> Chinese capture the Koguryo capital of Pyongyang, leaving<br />
a political vacuum in Korea that Silla quickly fills. <strong>The</strong> question<br />
has been raised of why the Chinese did not also conquer Silla.<br />
Evidently the government was too well organized and the military<br />
too strong. Koreans also believe that the Silla warriors’<br />
hwarang spirit deserves some of the credit. It is also unclear<br />
what hwarang refers to. <strong>The</strong> name translates into something<br />
akin to “Young Flower Masters.” It could refer to an earlier<br />
women’s group that its members replaced politically, the flower<br />
of manhood the members represented, a flower that the Buddha<br />
once held aloft to admire, a Korean gambling game that<br />
involves fencing with reeds, or something else altogether. In any<br />
case, the followers of hwarang were said to refine their morals,<br />
learn right from wrong, and select the best from among themselves<br />
to be their leaders. Aristocratic youths were inducted<br />
into this organization while aged 14–18 years. Usually there<br />
were about 200 hwarang scattered throughout the kingdom,<br />
each with an entourage of about a thousand, and they frequently<br />
served as generals or political advisors.<br />
About 671 <strong>The</strong> Byzantines develop a liquid incendiary called by the Franks<br />
Greek fire.<br />
680 During a battle at Karbala, Iraq, the third Shiite imam, al-Hussein<br />
ibn ‘Ali, disappears under a shower of arrows. To commemorate<br />
his martyrdom, the Shiites instituted a forty-day period<br />
of mourning in 1109. Known as Muharram (abstinence),<br />
this observance originally meant little more than hanging black<br />
sheets from windows. But over time people took to showing<br />
their piety in more sanguinary ways. Lent served a similar purpose<br />
for Christians, while for Rajputs, it was Dussehra.<br />
682 In an essay called <strong>The</strong> Canon on the Philosopher’s Stone, the<br />
Chinese alchemist Sun Simiao becomes the first person known<br />
to have written that saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur are explosive<br />
when mixed.<br />
Chronological History of the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 793