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748 Written Texts: China See also Boxing, Chinese; China; Religion and Spiritual Development: China References Chang Naizhou. 1973. Changshi Wuji Shu (Chang’s Book of Martial Skills). 1936. Reprint, Taibei: Zhonghua Wushu Chubanshe. Cheng Chongdou. 1621. Shaolin Gunfa Chanzong (Explanation of Shaolin Staff Methods). Henning, Stanley E. 1997. “Chinese Boxing: The Internal Versus External Schools in the Light of History and Theory.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 6, no. 3: 10–19. ———. 1998. “Southern Fists and Northern Legs: The Geography of Chinese Boxing.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 7, no. 3: 24–31. Huang Baijia. 1849. Neijia Quanfa (Internal School Boxing Methods). 1676. Reprinted, edited by Zhang Chao, as Zhaodai Congshu Bieji (Glorious Age Collection Added Collections). Jie Xuan. 1990. Bing Jing Shi Ping (Explanation and Commentary on the Military Classic). Edited by Li Bingyan and Cui Yucheng. Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe. Qi Jiguang. 1988. Jixiao Xinshu (New Book of Effective Discipline). Edited by Ma Mingda. 1561. Reprint, Beijing: Renmin Tiyu Chubanshe. Shen Shou. 1984. Taijiquan Methods Research. Fuzhou: FujianRenmin Chubanshe. Sun Lutang. 1970. Quan Yi Shu Zhen (True Narratives on the Meaning of Boxing). 1929. Reprint, Taibei: Zhonghua Wushu Chubanshe. Tang Shunzhi. 1973. Wu Bian (Martial Compendium). Taibei: Shangwu Yinshu Guan. Wang Zongyue et al. 1995. Taijiquan Pu (Taijiquan Manuals). Edited by Shen Shou. Beijing: Renmin Tiyu Chubanshe. Ware, James R., trans. and ed. 1981. Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The Nei P’ien of Ko Hung (Pao-p’u tzu). New York: Dover Publications. Wu Shu. 1935. Shoubi Lu (Record of the Arm). Zhihai (Sea of Knowledge). Dadong Shuju. Yang Shaoyu. 1988. “Du Wu Bian Zhaji zhi Er, Ba Shi yu Ba Shi”(Commentary on the “Martial Compendium” Part II, Mastering Form and Eight Forms). Zhonghua Wushu 3: 5–27. ———. 1988. “Du Wu Bian Zhaji zhi San, Xu yu Shi” (Commentary on the “Martial Compendium” Part III, Empty and Full). Zhonghua Wushu 5: 46. ———. 1988. “Du Wu Bian Zhaji zhi Si, Changduan Da yu Qita” (Commentary on the “Martial Compendium” Part IV, Long-Short Hitting and So Forth). Zhonghua Wushu 6: 34–35. Yu Dayou. 1934. Jian Jing (Sword Classic). 1566. Reprint in Zhengqi Tang Ji (Literary Collection from the Hall of Uprighteousness). Boshanjing She. Zhang Kongzhao. 1784. Quan Jing Quanfa Beiyao (Boxing Classic: Essentials of Boxing). Miaoyuan Congshu. 1900 handwritten copy. Zhao Hongbin. 1994. “Jian Jing Jifa Zaozhi Zhujie” (Annotated Commentary on Essential Fighting Methods in the Sword Classic). Wulin 2: 8–12. Zhao, Hua. 1993. Wu Yue Chunqiu Quanyi (Complete Translation of the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue). Translated by Zhang Jue. Guiyang: Guizhou Renmin Chubanshe.
Written Texts: India Within Indian systems of embodied practice like martial arts, yoga, and the performing arts, knowledge is traditionally handed down from teacher to disciple generation after generation, and therefore specialist knowledge is lodged within the practice of the master. When written texts exist in these disciplines, they are often worshipped, since they symbolize the knowledge authoritatively interpreted in the master’s embodied practice. This type of knowledge is witnessed as early as the Vedas, which were transmitted orally for centuries before being committed to writing. Although one can read a Sama Vedic text today, the living tradition of daily, calendrical, and ritual recitation and use of Sama Veda is lodged in the practice of the few surviving masters of the tradition. Three types of texts are important to understanding the history and techniques of martial arts in India: (1) primary source texts written within a particular Indian martial tradition that provide specific information on techniques and/or the ethos of practice; (2) secondary sources such as poetry or epics that provide a variety of types of information about the practice and culture of traditional martial arts; and (3) ancillary sources that provide information on paradigms of the body, body-mind relationship, and/or practice that are assumed in the practice of traditional Indian martial arts, especially yoga and Ayurveda (Sanskrit; science of life), the indigenous medical system. As reflected primarily in secondary sources, two major strands of martial culture and practice have existed on the South Asian subcontinent since antiquity—the Tamil (Dravidian) and Sanskrit Dhanur Veda (science of archery) traditions. The early martial cultures and practices reflected in Tamil and Dhanur Vedic sources have certainly influenced the history, development, subculture, and practice of extant Indian martial arts. Texts and Textual Sources in Antiquity From the early Tamil sangam (heroic) poetry, we learn that from the fourth century B.C. to A.D. 600 a warlike, martial spirit predominated across southern India, and each warrior received “regular military training” (Subramanian 1966, 143–144) in target practice and horseback riding, and each specialized in the use of one or more of the important weapons of the period, including lance or spear (vel), sword (val), shield (kedaham), and bow (vil) and arrow. The heroic warriors of the period were animated by the assumption that power (ananku) was not transcendent, but immanent, capricious, and potentially malevolent. War was considered a sacrifice of honor, and memorial stones were erected to fallen heroic kings and warriors whose manifest power could be permanently worshipped by one’s community and ancestors—a tradition witnessed today in the propitiation Written Texts: India 749
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
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improve their arsenal of weapons us
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fact, some of these weapons were co
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The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
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Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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for I strongly object to formality,
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searched and experimented with othe
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Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
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In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
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are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
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“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
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The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
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modeled on the spurring talons of t
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Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
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English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
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a gibbet immediately outside the li
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lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
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Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
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As a result of the first invasion,
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Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
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and actively, defensively and offen
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to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
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sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
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the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
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A color woodblock print of a duel b
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Another form subscribed to combat s
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tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
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T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
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distinct identity, with a common fo
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Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
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Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
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ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
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Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
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powerful larger, sweeping, striking
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tablished. The earth’s energy/for
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Choreographed two-person sets are a
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———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
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Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
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Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
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Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
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martial art. As a result, its metho
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Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
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and those warriors who possess this
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Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
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Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
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Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
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in this system. There are three set
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One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
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vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
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1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
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senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
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660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
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666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
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678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
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682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
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Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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Page 728 and 729: 698 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
Page 736 and 737: 706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
Page 738 and 739: 708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
Page 740 and 741: 710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
Page 750 and 751: 720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
Page 758 and 759: 728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
Page 766 and 767: 736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
Page 768 and 769: 738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
Page 770 and 771: 740 Wrestling, Professional les and
Page 772 and 773: 742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
Page 774 and 775: 744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
Page 776 and 777: 746 Written Texts: China ual change
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Page 782 and 783: 752 Written Texts: India Beginning
Page 784 and 785: 754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
Page 786 and 787: 756 Written Texts: India skritized
Page 788 and 789: 758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
Page 790 and 791: Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
Page 792 and 793: 762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
Page 794 and 795: 764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
Page 796 and 797: 766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
Page 798 and 799: 768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
Page 800 and 801: 770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
Page 802 and 803: 772 Written Texts: Japan
Page 805 and 806: Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
Page 807 and 808: A student practices xingyiquan at t
Page 809: Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
Page 812 and 813: Undated photo of the legendary Gran
Page 814 and 815: 784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
Page 816 and 817: 786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
Page 818 and 819: About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
Page 820 and 821: About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
Page 822 and 823: 141 cont. animals themselves, the a
Page 824 and 825: Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
Page 826 and 827: Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
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1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
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1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
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About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
Page 848 and 849:
About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
Page 850 and 851:
1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
Page 858 and 859:
1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
Page 864 and 865:
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
Page 866 and 867:
Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
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AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
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and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874:
Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
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Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
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Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
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Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
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Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884:
Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
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Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
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and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
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and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
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303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
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Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
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Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
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May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
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Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
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Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
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Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
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Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
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Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
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Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
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Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
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and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
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Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
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Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
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Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
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and tournaments, 706 and training,
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Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
Page 925:
About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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