Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
744 Wrestling, Professional Editors of Pro Wrestling Illustrated. 1999. Pro Wrestling Illustrated 1999 Wrestling Almanac and Book of Facts. Fort Washington, PA: London Publishing. Encyclopædia of Sport and Games in Four Volumes. 1912. London: The Sportsman. Farrell, Edythe. 1942. “Lady Wrestlers.” American Mercury, December, 674–680. Freedman, Jim. 1988. Drawing Heat. Windsor, Ontario: Black Moss Press. Garfield, Simon. 1996. The Wrestling. London: Faber and Faber. Gilbey, John F. 1986. Western Boxing and World Wrestling: Story and Practice. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books. Gorn, Elliott J., and Warren Goldstein. 1993. A Brief History of American Sports. New York: Hill and Wang. Griffin, Marcus. 1937. Fall Guys: The Barnums of Bounce, the Inside Story of the Wrestling Business, America’s Most Profitable and Best Organized Professional Sport. Chicago: Reilly and Lee. Jares, Joe. 1974. Whatever Happened to Gorgeous George? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Kemper, Theodore D. 1990. Social Structure and Testosterone: Explorations of the Socio-Bio-Social Chain. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Lehmusto, Heikki. 1939. Painin Historia. 2d ed. Helsinki: Kustannusosakeyhtio Otava. Leyshon, Glynn. 1984. Of Mats and Men: The Story of Canadian Amateur and Olympic Wrestling from 1600 to 1984. London, Ontario: Sports Dynamics. Mandell, Richard D. 1984. Sport: A Cultural History. New York: Columbia University Press. Morton, Gerald W., and George M. O’Brien. 1985. Wrestling to Rasslin’: Ancient Sport to American Spectacle. Bowling Green, KY: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. Niiya, Brian, ed. 2000. More Than a Game: Sport in the Japanese American Community. Los Angeles: Japanese American National Museum. Noble, Graham. 2000. “The Odyssey of Yukio Tani.” Warriors Dreams, I. Reprinted at http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_Noble_1000.htm. Rath, Richard Cullen. 2001. “Drums and Power: Ways of Creolizing Music in Coastal South Carolina and Georgia, 1730–1790.” http://way.net/ creole/drumsandpower.html. Rearick, Charles. 1985. Pleasures of the Belle Epoque: Entertainment and Festivity in Turn-of-the-Century France. New Haven: Yale University Press. Robson, Roger. 1999. Cumberland and Westmorland Wrestling. Carlisle, UK: Bookcase. Svinth, Joseph R. 1998. “Benjamin Franklin Roller—A Pioneer of Angles and Feuds.” Wrestling Then and Now 1998 Annual. An updated version appears online at http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_svinth_0700.htm. Thesz, Lou, with Kit Bauman. 1995. Hooker: An Authentic Wrestler’s Adventures inside the Bizarre World of Professional Wrestling. Norfolk, VA: Self-published. Twitchell, James B. 1989. Preposterous Violence: Fables of Aggression in Modern Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. Venables, Gord. 1940. Mighty Men of Old, Being a Gallery of Pictures and
Biographies of Outstanding Old Time Strong Men. York, PA: Strength and Health Publishing. Internet sites: • Evan Ginzburg: http://www.walkertown.com/wtnow • Great Hisa’s Puroresu Dôjô: http://www.puroresu.com • J Michael Kenyon: http://www.phocian.com • Scott Teal: http://www.1wrestlinglegends.com • Gary Will: http://www.garywill.com Written Texts: China The martial arts, like other traditional Chinese skills, are based on certain theory and principles. As living arts, their theory and principles were primarily transmitted orally and through actual practice. Since they were life–and-death skills, extra care was taken to protect their secrets, especially any unique tactics or techniques. For example, the Daoist (Taoist) scholar, Ge Hong (A.D. 290–370), who studied martial arts himself and served a stint as a military commander, notes in his autobiography that the martial arts all have certain closely held techniques, described in an abstruse manner, that allow one to gain the advantage against an unwary opponent. This aura of secrecy surrounding martial arts techniques has resulted in a dearth of written material on the subject. Also, martial arts did not have a high priority in Confucian society. Literate practitioners generally kept their notes to themselves, while many practitioners were illiterate. Techniques were passed down through demonstration or gained through individual insight. Key principles and techniques were encapsulated in easy-to-memorize “secret formulas” or rhymes, which, in themselves, were not normally transparent to the uninitiated, nor always clear even to other experienced practitioners. These secretive conditions were prevalent in the Chinese clan-oriented society. However, scholars are still fortunate enough to be able to piece together a reasonably clear understanding of martial arts theory and principles through the scattered literature that exists, especially Ming-period military writings, and Qing-period manuals and other writings. An interesting characteristic of Chinese military writings is that a common theoretical thread runs from the strategic level down to the level of individual hand-to-hand combat. These written works contain advice on the marshalling of armies that is equally applicable to the martial arts. One author, Jie Xuan (late sixteenth to early seventeenth centuries), even uses the earliest term for boxing, or hand-to-hand struggle (bo), to describe military maneuvers. Yin-yang theory, which is an essential element of the traditional Chinese worldview, is also the foundation for military thought, including the martial arts. This theory of the interplay of opposite attributes and contin- Written Texts: China 745
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Biographies of Outstanding Old Time Strong Men. York, PA: Strength<br />
and Health Publishing.<br />
Internet sites:<br />
• Evan Ginzburg: http://www.walkertown.com/wtnow<br />
• Great Hisa’s Puroresu Dôjô: http://www.puroresu.com<br />
• J Michael Kenyon: http://www.phocian.com<br />
• Scott Teal: http://www.1wrestlinglegends.com<br />
• Gary Will: http://www.garywill.com<br />
Written Texts: China<br />
<strong>The</strong> martial arts, like other traditional Chinese skills, are based on certain<br />
theory and principles. As living arts, their theory and principles were primarily<br />
transmitted orally and through actual practice. Since they were<br />
life–and-death skills, extra care was taken to protect their secrets, especially<br />
any unique tactics or techniques. For example, the Daoist (Taoist) scholar,<br />
Ge Hong (A.D. 290–370), who studied martial arts himself and served a<br />
stint as a military commander, notes in his autobiography that the martial<br />
arts all have certain closely held techniques, described in an abstruse manner,<br />
that allow one to gain the advantage against an unwary opponent.<br />
This aura of secrecy surrounding martial arts techniques has resulted in<br />
a dearth of written material on the subject. Also, martial arts did not have a<br />
high priority in Confucian society. Literate practitioners generally kept their<br />
notes to themselves, while many practitioners were illiterate. Techniques were<br />
passed down through demonstration or gained through individual insight.<br />
Key principles and techniques were encapsulated in easy-to-memorize “secret<br />
formulas” or rhymes, which, in themselves, were not normally transparent to<br />
the uninitiated, nor always clear even to other experienced practitioners.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se secretive conditions were prevalent in the Chinese clan-oriented<br />
society. However, scholars are still fortunate enough to be able to piece together<br />
a reasonably clear understanding of martial arts theory and principles<br />
through the scattered literature that exists, especially Ming-period military<br />
writings, and Qing-period manuals and other writings.<br />
An interesting characteristic of Chinese military writings is that a<br />
common theoretical thread runs from the strategic level down to the level<br />
of individual hand-to-hand combat. <strong>The</strong>se written works contain advice on<br />
the marshalling of armies that is equally applicable to the martial arts. One<br />
author, Jie Xuan (late sixteenth to early seventeenth centuries), even uses<br />
the earliest term for boxing, or hand-to-hand struggle (bo), to describe military<br />
maneuvers.<br />
Yin-yang theory, which is an essential element of the traditional Chinese<br />
worldview, is also the foundation for military thought, including the<br />
martial arts. This theory of the interplay of opposite attributes and contin-<br />
Written Texts: China 745