Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
734 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan The ninja philosophy, or Ninpô, can best be illustrated by the words of the former sôke. Takamatsu Toshitsugu stated, “The essence of all martial arts and military strategies is self-protection and the prevention of danger. Ninpô deals with the protection of not only the physical body, but the mind and spirit as well. The way of the ninja is the way of enduring, surviving, and prevailing over all that would destroy one. More than simply defeating or outwitting an enemy, Ninpô is the way of attaining that which we need to live happily, while making the world a better place” (Hatsumi 1981, 4). The Japanese grappling arts exert a continuing global influence, especially in the cognate forms derived from the earlier combat systems. Jûdô is an Olympic sport with an international following. In the area of popular culture, the films of American actor Steven Seagal have drawn attention to the more combative elements of aikidô. At the close of the twentieth century, submission fighting in various formats provided a popular no-holdsbarred arena for grapplers in both “pure” Japanese systems such as jûdô and jûjutsu and those non-Japanese arts heavily influenced by Japanese wrestling, such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu and Russian sambo. Glenn J. Morris See also Aikidô; Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles; Japanese Martial Arts, Chinese Influences on; Jûdô; Ninjutsu; Sambo; Samurai; Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan); Wrestling and Grappling: China References Cleary, Thomas. 1993. The Essential Tao. San Francisco: HarperCollins. Donohue, John J. 1997. “The Shape of Water: Martial Arts Styles as Technical Continuum.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 6, no. 4: 90–101. Friday, Karl, with Seki Humitake. 1997. Legacies of the Sword: The Kashima-Shinryû and Samurai Martial Culture. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. Gilbey, John. 1986. Western Boxing and World Wrestling. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. Hatsumi Masaaki. 1987. Bajinkan Newsletter 6: 4. ———. 1981. Ninjutsu: History and Traditions. Burbank: Unique Publications. Huang, J. H. 1993. Sun Tzu: The Art of War. New York: Quill, William Morrow. Kudo, Kazuzo. 1967. Judo in Action: Grappling Techniques. Tokyo: Japan Publications Trading Company. LeBell, Gene. 1992. Grappling Master. Los Angeles: Pro-Action Publishing. McCarthy, Patrick. 1995. Bubishi: The Bible of Karate. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle. Morris, Glenn. 1998. Martial Arts Madness. Berkeley, CA: Frog Publications. ———. 1993. Path Notes of an American Ninja Master. Berkeley, CA: Frog Publications. ———. 1995. Shadow Strategies of an American Ninja Master. Berkeley, CA: Frog Publications.
Ratti, Oscar, and Adele Westbrook. 1992. Secrets of the Samurai. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle. Sharnoff, Lora. 1993. Grand Sumo: The Living Sport and Tradition. New York: Weatherhill. Wilson, William S. 1982. Ideals of the Samurai. Burbank: Ohara Publications. Yang, Jwing-Ming. 1987. Analysis of Shaolin Ch’in na. Jamaica Plain, MA: YMAA. Wrestling, Professional During the nineteenth century, professional wrestling took place in saloons and circuses for the amusement of gamblers, but during the twentieth century it became a kind of muscular theater performed either live or on television. These latter productions were often hypocritical, greedy, ruthless, reactionary, homophobic, racist, and vulgar. However, the change simply reflected the desires of the audience, for, as former professional wrestler Robert “Kinji” Shibuya put it in 1999, “The meaner I acted in the ring, the richer I walked out of it” (Niiya 2000, 136). How this transformation came about is a complicated story. Even the roots of the modern all-in style are complicated. For example, in nineteenthcentury Britain, professional wrestling was a gambling sport akin to boxing and horse racing. In the north of England and Scotland, the wrestling style most commonly used was Cumberland and Westmorland. In this style, the wrestlers locked hands behind each other’s backs and then each tried to throw the other to the ground or make him break his grip. The judges at these events were known as “stycklers,” a word that, as “stickler,” became a synonym for anyone who insisted on precise and exacting compliance with rules. In the south of England, other styles were more popular. Cornish wrestlers, for example, wore short jackets, and gripped one another’s sleeve and shoulders as in modern jûdô. A standard trick involved trapping the right arm and then back-heel tripping. Devonshire wrestlers wore straw shinguards and clogs, and were allowed to kick one another in the shins. Otherwise their techniques were similar to Cornish wrestlers. Unlike Cornish and Devonshire wrestlers, Lancashire wrestlers wore only underwear, and the players started well apart with their knees bent and hands outstretched. Although kicking, hair pulling, pinching, and the twisting of arms and fingers were prohibited, almost anything else went, even the full nelson hold to the neck. (The name full nelson dates to the early nineteenth century, and refers to the enveloping tactics used by the famous admiral at the Battles of the Nile and Trafalgar.) Lancashire wrestling also was known as “catch-as-catch-can,” and is an ancestor of international (or Olympic) freestyle. Wrestling, Professional 735
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Ratti, Oscar, and Adele Westbrook. 1992. Secrets of the Samurai. Rutland,<br />
VT: Charles E. Tuttle.<br />
Sharnoff, Lora. 1993. Grand Sumo: <strong>The</strong> Living Sport and Tradition. New<br />
York: Weatherhill.<br />
Wilson, William S. 1982. Ideals of the Samurai. Burbank: Ohara Publications.<br />
Yang, Jwing-Ming. 1987. Analysis of Shaolin Ch’in na. Jamaica Plain, MA:<br />
YMAA.<br />
Wrestling, Professional<br />
During the nineteenth century, professional wrestling took place in saloons<br />
and circuses for the amusement of gamblers, but during the twentieth century<br />
it became a kind of muscular theater performed either live or on television.<br />
<strong>The</strong>se latter productions were often hypocritical, greedy, ruthless,<br />
reactionary, homophobic, racist, and vulgar. However, the change simply<br />
reflected the desires of the audience, for, as former professional wrestler<br />
Robert “Kinji” Shibuya put it in 1999, “<strong>The</strong> meaner I acted in the ring, the<br />
richer I walked out of it” (Niiya 2000, 136).<br />
How this transformation came about is a complicated story. Even the<br />
roots of the modern all-in style are complicated. For example, in nineteenthcentury<br />
Britain, professional wrestling was a gambling sport akin to boxing<br />
and horse racing. In the north of England and Scotland, the wrestling style<br />
most commonly used was Cumberland and Westmorland. In this style, the<br />
wrestlers locked hands behind each other’s backs and then each tried to<br />
throw the other to the ground or make him break his grip. <strong>The</strong> judges at<br />
these events were known as “stycklers,” a word that, as “stickler,” became<br />
a synonym for anyone who insisted on precise and exacting compliance with<br />
rules.<br />
In the south of England, other styles were more popular. Cornish<br />
wrestlers, for example, wore short jackets, and gripped one another’s<br />
sleeve and shoulders as in modern jûdô. A standard trick involved trapping<br />
the right arm and then back-heel tripping. Devonshire wrestlers wore<br />
straw shinguards and clogs, and were allowed to kick one another in the<br />
shins. Otherwise their techniques were similar to Cornish wrestlers. Unlike<br />
Cornish and Devonshire wrestlers, Lancashire wrestlers wore only underwear,<br />
and the players started well apart with their knees bent and<br />
hands outstretched. Although kicking, hair pulling, pinching, and the<br />
twisting of arms and fingers were prohibited, almost anything else went,<br />
even the full nelson hold to the neck. (<strong>The</strong> name full nelson dates to the<br />
early nineteenth century, and refers to the enveloping tactics used by the<br />
famous admiral at the Battles of the Nile and Trafalgar.) Lancashire<br />
wrestling also was known as “catch-as-catch-can,” and is an ancestor of<br />
international (or Olympic) freestyle.<br />
Wrestling, Professional 735