Martial Arts Of The World - Webs

710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
Guo Panxi. 1996. Zhongguo Minjian Youxi yu Jingji (Chinese Folk Games
and Competitive Sports). Shanghai: Shanghai Joint Publishers.
Latham, Michael, trans. The Travels of Marco Polo. New York: Penguin
Books, 1976.
Liu Bingguo. 1987. Zhongguo Gudai Tiyu Shihua (Remarks on Ancient
Chinese Physical Culture History). Beijing: Cultural Relics Press.
Meng Yuanlao et al. 1962. Dongjing MenghualuWaisizhong (Record of
Reminiscences of the Eastern Capital and Four Other Works). Shanghai:
Zhonghua Shuju.
Smith, Robert W. Chinese Boxing: Masters and Methods. New York:
Kodansha International, 1974.
———. 1999. Martial Musings: A Portrayal of Martial Arts in the 20th Century.
Erie: Via Media Publishing Company.
Tiao Luzi. 1815 [ca. 960]. Jueli Ji (Record of Wrestling). Edited by Hu Ting.
Linlang Mishi Congshu.
Tong Zhongyi. 1968. Zhongguo Shuaijiaofa (Chinese Wrestling Techniques).
1935. Reprint, Taibei: Hualian Press.
Weng, Chi-hsiu D. 1984. Fundamentals of Shuai Chiao: The Ancient
Fighting Art. Privately printed.
Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
Wrestling, at its core, is an attempt to force an opponent to submit by using
holds, throws, takedowns, trips, joint locks, or chokes. Holds are attempts
to immobilize an opponent by either entangling the limbs or forcing
the shoulders to touch the mat, placing an opponent in a danger
position. A throw is an attempt to toss a person across either the hips or
shoulders, using the body as a fulcrum. A trip is an attempt by a wrestler
to use legs to sweep one or both of the opponent’s legs out, forcing a fall
to the ground. A takedown is an attempt to unbalance an opponent, such
as by grabbing both of the legs with the arms, once again forcing a fall to
the ground. A joint lock is an immobilizing lock against a limb of the opponent,
such as the elbow or knee, which attempts to hyperextend the joint
beyond its normal range of motion, forcing the opponent to either surrender
or risk losing the limb. A choke is an attempt to cut off either the air
supply or blood supply, or both, to the head, once again forcing the opponent
to either surrender or suffer unconsciousness.
There are thousands of techniques in wrestling that depend on the implementation
of these movements. Experienced wrestlers of any style,
therefore, have a great number of techniques and combinations that they
may use in combat. Strikes or percussive blows are not allowed in sport
wrestling, or if they are, such techniques are purely of a secondary nature,
with a throw or hold intended to be the immobilizing technique. Once
blows with fists or feet become the primary weapon or balanced equally
with throws and holds, then the match either becomes boxing or “all-in”
fighting.