Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
698 Women in the Martial Arts: Japan Unlike some schools that claim to have remained largely unchanged since their inception, it is likely that Tendo-ryû is far different from the original Ten-ryû practiced by the wild founder Saitô Denkibô Katsuhide. Nonetheless, perhaps the best of his spirit still resides in the hands and hearts of the women of Tendo-ryû, a courage and integrity in movement anyone would do well to emulate. Jikishin Kage-ryû Naginata-dô and the Development of Meiji Budô During the 1860s, Satake Yoshinori, a student of the Jikishin and Yanagi Kage-ryû, developed a new naginata school with his wife, Satake Shigeo, who had studied martial arts since she was 6 years old and was famous for her strength with the naginata. Between them, these two developed the forms of the present-day Jikishin Kage-ryû Naginata-dô. An innovative work, Jikishin Kage-ryû Naginata-dô bears no discernible relation to Ippusai’s kenjutsu system, which tradition says preceded it. Furthermore, the addition of the suffix -dô (way) indicates that the founders saw their school as a budô, a means of martial practice meant for the purpose of self-perfection rather than self-preservation. During the 1920s, the succeeding chief instructor, Sonobe Hideo, introduced Jikishin Kage-ryû into girls’ schools. (Until the American reforms of the late 1940s, Japanese schools were rarely coeducational.) Sonobe taught at major schools in the Kyoto area, and was one of the first teachers to popularize mass training. “There is no fear on the part of the woman who is well trained [in wielding naginata],” Sonobe told the Japan Times in July 1925. “She is strong and confident. Her body is in perfect condition, muscles hard, body constantly alert, eyes and mind keenly following the movements of the blade.” Since World War II, the Jikishin Kage-ryû has continued to grow and has the most students of any of the traditional schools of naginata. The present head teacher is Toya Akiko. The forms of Jikishin Kage-ryû are done in straight lines in a highly defined rhythm. The kiai (vocal expressions of spirit) are traded back and forth, in almost a call-and-response, adding to a sense of dancelike structure. The forms project a sense of crisp elegance, but the emphasis appears to be on correct performance rather than development of martial skills: Perfection of the form as it is given rather than an ability to improvise freely is the aim of the school. Despite this seemingly noncombative orientation, Jikishin Kage-ryû first made its name in matches against kendô practitioners. Both Satake Shigeo and Sonobe Hideo became famous through their many victories in such contests. Although Jikishin Kage-ryû no longer emphasizes competition against kendô practitioners, matches still do occur, and many members happily par-
ticipate in competitions in the modern sports-oriented atarashii naginata (see below). Thus, perpetuating the tradition is clearly a valued part of its practitioners’ lives. Overall, the Jikishin Kage-ryû has been more successful than any other system in appealing to a large population of Japanese women. In its forms and practice, they find a kind of semimartial training that encourages and strengthens their will and sense of a strong, graceful femininity. Modern Competitive Martial Sports During the 1870s, the Japanese began thinking of themselves in terms of a national identity. Before this time, one’s feudal domain was, in many senses, one’s country. Toward this end, the central government began to manipulate the doctrines of bushidô to make them apply to the entire populace rather than just the warrior class. Through this, the government encouraged the development of a militant and obedient society. Language, religion, and especially education were brought under the control of the government, and the newly created public school system became a great propaganda machine. As in all societies, the school system’s purposes were manifold, but in imperial Japan, the primary emphasis was on submission to the emperor and the needs of the state. Education was seen as a means of gaining skills and knowledge for the good of the country. Students were taught that cooperation, standardization, and the denial of personal desires were the most productive ways of serving the nation. After the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, martial arts were made a regular part of the school curriculum. The classical disciplines, however, were not considered completely suitable for the training of the mass population. The older martial traditions encouraged a feudalistic loyalty to themselves and their teachings, and in addition, often focused on somewhat mystical values not directly concerned with the assumed needs of imperial Japan. So in 1911, jûdô and kendô, both Meiji creations, were introduced into boys’ schools. As early as 1913, there was a jûdô class at Seijyo Girls’ High School in Tokyo, but the idea of women’s wrestling did not prove very popular, for as late as 1936 there were only a few dozen dan-graded female jûdôka in Japan. However, working-class women were not necessarily bound by convention, and during the early Meiji period, a time when many people lost their means of livelihood, there arose a phenomenon known as gekken kôgyô (sword shows). In these, former samurai, down on their luck, joined forces to create what amounted to circuses in which they gave demonstrations and took challenges from the audiences. Mounting the stage, fighters would challenge all comers from the audience, using wooden or bamboo swords, naginata, spear, chain-and-sickle, or any other weapon selected by the challenger. These fights were very popular and well written up in the Women in the Martial Arts: Japan 699
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698 Women in the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>: Japan<br />
Unlike some schools that claim to have remained largely unchanged<br />
since their inception, it is likely that Tendo-ryû is far different from the<br />
original Ten-ryû practiced by the wild founder Saitô Denkibô Katsuhide.<br />
Nonetheless, perhaps the best of his spirit still resides in the hands and<br />
hearts of the women of Tendo-ryû, a courage and integrity in movement<br />
anyone would do well to emulate.<br />
Jikishin Kage-ryû Naginata-dô and the Development of Meiji Budô<br />
During the 1860s, Satake Yoshinori, a student of the Jikishin and Yanagi<br />
Kage-ryû, developed a new naginata school with his wife, Satake Shigeo,<br />
who had studied martial arts since she was 6 years old and was famous for<br />
her strength with the naginata. Between them, these two developed the<br />
forms of the present-day Jikishin Kage-ryû Naginata-dô. An innovative<br />
work, Jikishin Kage-ryû Naginata-dô bears no discernible relation to Ippusai’s<br />
kenjutsu system, which tradition says preceded it. Furthermore, the<br />
addition of the suffix -dô (way) indicates that the founders saw their school<br />
as a budô, a means of martial practice meant for the purpose of self-perfection<br />
rather than self-preservation.<br />
During the 1920s, the succeeding chief instructor, Sonobe Hideo, introduced<br />
Jikishin Kage-ryû into girls’ schools. (Until the American reforms<br />
of the late 1940s, Japanese schools were rarely coeducational.) Sonobe<br />
taught at major schools in the Kyoto area, and was one of the first teachers<br />
to popularize mass training. “<strong>The</strong>re is no fear on the part of the woman<br />
who is well trained [in wielding naginata],” Sonobe told the Japan Times<br />
in July 1925. “She is strong and confident. Her body is in perfect condition,<br />
muscles hard, body constantly alert, eyes and mind keenly following<br />
the movements of the blade.”<br />
Since <strong>World</strong> War II, the Jikishin Kage-ryû has continued to grow and<br />
has the most students of any of the traditional schools of naginata. <strong>The</strong><br />
present head teacher is Toya Akiko.<br />
<strong>The</strong> forms of Jikishin Kage-ryû are done in straight lines in a highly<br />
defined rhythm. <strong>The</strong> kiai (vocal expressions of spirit) are traded back and<br />
forth, in almost a call-and-response, adding to a sense of dancelike structure.<br />
<strong>The</strong> forms project a sense of crisp elegance, but the emphasis appears<br />
to be on correct performance rather than development of martial skills:<br />
Perfection of the form as it is given rather than an ability to improvise<br />
freely is the aim of the school.<br />
Despite this seemingly noncombative orientation, Jikishin Kage-ryû first<br />
made its name in matches against kendô practitioners. Both Satake Shigeo<br />
and Sonobe Hideo became famous through their many victories in such contests.<br />
Although Jikishin Kage-ryû no longer emphasizes competition against<br />
kendô practitioners, matches still do occur, and many members happily par-