Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
participation and success by women will eliminate the token aspects of responses to them. Or will the cognitive inconsistency be resolved by devaluing the achievement of a black belt (a pattern found in the occupational world). The long-term results are interesting because the issues involved are so fundamental to the ideology of gender typing. (Smith et al. 1981, 20) Sexual stereotyping—“any woman who boxes must be a lesbian”— was another constant. As recently as May 1994, the Irish boxer Deirdre Gogarty told British video journalists, “I’m always afraid people think I’m butch. That’s my main fear. I used to hang a punch bag in the cupboard and bang away at it when no-one was around, so nobody would know I was doing it. I was afraid people would think me weird and unfeminine” (quoted in Hargreaves 1996, 130). Still, resistance toward female involvement in combative sports seems to have softened somewhat over the years, especially when the female involvement is amateur rather than professional. Said the father of Dallas Malloy, a 16-year-old amateur boxer profiled in the Sunday supplement of the Seattle Times on August 8, 1993, “We’ve tried to encourage our daughters to do something interesting with their lives, not be a sheep. I have a feeling whatever Dallas does, she will always be different. She’ll do anything but what the crowd does.” Joseph R. Svinth See also Boxing, European; Jûdô; Wrestling and Grappling: Japan References Allen, Robert C. 1991. Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Atkinson, Linda. 1983. Women in the Martial Arts: A New Spirit Rising. New York: Dodd, Mead. Boulding, Elise. 1976. The Underside of History: A View of Women through Time. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Cahn, Susan K. 1994. Coming on Strong: Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Women’s Sport. New York: The Free Press. Cayleff, Susan E. 1995. Babe: The Life and Legend of Babe Didrikson Zaharias. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Dines, Wayne B., ed. 1990. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York: Garland Publishing. Duffy, Tony, and Paul Wade. 1983. Winning Women: The Changing Image of Women in Sports. New York: Times Books. Dulles, Foster Rhea. 1940. America Learns to Play: A History of Popular Recreation, 1607–1940. New York: D. Appleton-Century. Fairbairn, W. E. 1942. “Self-Defense by Women.” New York Times Magazine, September 27, 22–23. Farrell, Edythe. 1942. “Lady Wrestlers.” American Mercury, December, 674–680. Garrud, Edith. 1910. “Damsel v. Desperado.” Health and Strength, July 23, 101–102. Gilfoyle, Timothy J. 1992. City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790–1920. New York: W. W. Norton. 688 Women in the Martial Arts: Britain and North America
Gorn, Elliott J., and Warren Goldstein. 1993. A Brief History of American Sports. New York: Hill and Wang. Guttman, Allen. 1991. Women’s Sports: A History. New York: Columbia University Press. Hargreaves, Jennifer. 1996. “Bruising Peg to Boxerobics: Gendered Boxing—Images and Meanings.” In Boxer. Edited by David Chandler, John Gill, Tania Guha, and Gilane Tawadros. London: MIT Press. Kaspar, Shirl. 1992. Annie Oakley. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Laird, Donald. 1936. “Why Aren’t More Women Athletes?” Scientific American 151 (March): 142–143. Leonard, Priscilla. 1904. “The Joys of Jiu-Jitsu for Women.” Current Literature 37 (August): 144–145. Lewis, Marion. 1933. “Leather and Lingerie.” The Ring, December, 40–41. McCabe, James D., Jr. 1984. New York by Gaslight. New York: Greenwich House. Noble, Graham. 1999. “An Introduction to W. Barton-Wright (1860–1951) and the Eclectic Art of Bartitsu.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 8, no. 2: 50–61. Okazaki, Seishiro “Henry.” 1929. The Science of Self-Defense for Girls and Women. Kahului, HI: Self-published. See also http://www.danzan.com. Rearick, Charles. 1985. Pleasures of the Belle Epoque: Entertainment and Festivity in Turn-of-the-Century France. New Haven: Yale University Press. Smith, Robert A., Eugene Weinstein, Judith Tanur, and Gayle Farb. 1981. “Women, Karate, and Gender Typing.” Sociological Inquiry 51, no. 2. Smith, Robert W., ed. 1958. A Complete Guide to Judo. Rutland, VT: Tuttle. Smithson, J. Walter. 1900. “From Weakness to Strength and Beauty.” Physical Culture 3, no. 5: 198–199. Women in the Martial Arts: China Chinese women have practiced martial arts from early times. The most significant reflection of this fact is the story of the Maiden of Yue, a legendary swordswoman who is said to have trained the troops of Gou Jian, king of the state of Yue, and whose story contains one of the earliest records of basic martial arts principles. It is even possible that this story of a swordswoman is meant to symbolize the fact that brute strength, which was depicted as a common trait of martial artists in ancient times, was not necessarily most important to defeating an opponent. Even China’s military examination system, which comprised basic martial arts skills and understanding of the military classics, was established under the reign of a woman, Empress Wu Zetian, in A.D. 702. As fate would have it, the Chinese Empire also met its demise under Empress Ci Xi not long after she encouraged the disastrous antiforeign Boxer uprising of 1900. During the Eastern or Later Han dynasty (A.D. 25–225), the threat from Qiang tribes to the area now comprising Shanxi province was so great Women in the Martial Arts: China 689
- Page 667 and 668: martial art. As a result, its metho
- Page 669 and 670: Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
- Page 671 and 672: and those warriors who possess this
- Page 673 and 674: Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
- Page 675 and 676: Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
- Page 677 and 678: Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
- Page 679 and 680: in this system. There are three set
- Page 681 and 682: One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
- Page 683 and 684: vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
- Page 685 and 686: 1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
- Page 687: senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
- Page 690 and 691: 660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
- Page 692 and 693: 662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
- Page 694 and 695: 664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
- Page 696 and 697: 666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
- Page 698 and 699: A depiction of the mighty female wa
- Page 700 and 701: 670 Women in the Martial Arts About
- Page 702 and 703: 672 Women in the Martial Arts About
- Page 704 and 705: 674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
- Page 706 and 707: 676 Women in the Martial Arts named
- Page 708 and 709: 678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
- Page 710 and 711: 680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
- Page 712 and 713: 682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
- Page 714 and 715: Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
- Page 716 and 717: Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
- Page 720 and 721: A woman in Beijing performing a wus
- Page 722 and 723: 692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 724 and 725: 694 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 726 and 727: 696 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 728 and 729: 698 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 730 and 731: 700 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 732 and 733: 702 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 734 and 735: 704 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 736 and 737: 706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
- Page 738 and 739: 708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
- Page 740 and 741: 710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 742 and 743: 712 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 744 and 745: 714 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 746 and 747: 716 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 748 and 749: 718 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 750 and 751: 720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
- Page 752 and 753: 722 Wrestling and Grappling: India
- Page 754 and 755: 724 Wrestling and Grappling: India
- Page 756 and 757: 726 Wrestling and Grappling: India
- Page 758 and 759: 728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
- Page 760 and 761: 730 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
- Page 762 and 763: 732 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
- Page 764 and 765: 734 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
- Page 766 and 767: 736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
Gorn, Elliott J., and Warren Goldstein. 1993. A Brief History of American<br />
Sports. New York: Hill and Wang.<br />
Guttman, Allen. 1991. Women’s Sports: A History. New York: Columbia<br />
University Press.<br />
Hargreaves, Jennifer. 1996. “Bruising Peg to Boxerobics: Gendered<br />
Boxing—Images and Meanings.” In Boxer. Edited by David Chandler,<br />
John Gill, Tania Guha, and Gilane Tawadros. London: MIT Press.<br />
Kaspar, Shirl. 1992. Annie Oakley. Norman: University of Oklahoma<br />
Press.<br />
Laird, Donald. 1936. “Why Aren’t More Women Athletes?” Scientific<br />
American 151 (March): 142–143.<br />
Leonard, Priscilla. 1904. “<strong>The</strong> Joys of Jiu-Jitsu for Women.” Current<br />
Literature 37 (August): 144–145.<br />
Lewis, Marion. 1933. “Leather and Lingerie.” <strong>The</strong> Ring, December, 40–41.<br />
McCabe, James D., Jr. 1984. New York by Gaslight. New York: Greenwich<br />
House.<br />
Noble, Graham. 1999. “An Introduction to W. Barton-Wright (1860–1951)<br />
and the Eclectic Art of Bartitsu.” Journal of Asian <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 8, no. 2:<br />
50–61.<br />
Okazaki, Seishiro “Henry.” 1929. <strong>The</strong> Science of Self-Defense for Girls and<br />
Women. Kahului, HI: Self-published. See also http://www.danzan.com.<br />
Rearick, Charles. 1985. Pleasures of the Belle Epoque: Entertainment and<br />
Festivity in Turn-of-the-Century France. New Haven: Yale University<br />
Press.<br />
Smith, Robert A., Eugene Weinstein, Judith Tanur, and Gayle Farb. 1981.<br />
“Women, Karate, and Gender Typing.” Sociological Inquiry 51, no. 2.<br />
Smith, Robert W., ed. 1958. A Complete Guide to Judo. Rutland, VT:<br />
Tuttle.<br />
Smithson, J. Walter. 1900. “From Weakness to Strength and Beauty.”<br />
Physical Culture 3, no. 5: 198–199.<br />
Women in the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>: China<br />
Chinese women have practiced martial arts from early times. <strong>The</strong> most significant<br />
reflection of this fact is the story of the Maiden of Yue, a legendary<br />
swordswoman who is said to have trained the troops of Gou Jian, king of<br />
the state of Yue, and whose story contains one of the earliest records of basic<br />
martial arts principles. It is even possible that this story of a swordswoman<br />
is meant to symbolize the fact that brute strength, which was depicted<br />
as a common trait of martial artists in ancient times, was not<br />
necessarily most important to defeating an opponent.<br />
Even China’s military examination system, which comprised basic<br />
martial arts skills and understanding of the military classics, was established<br />
under the reign of a woman, Empress Wu Zetian, in A.D. 702. As fate would<br />
have it, the Chinese Empire also met its demise under Empress Ci Xi not<br />
long after she encouraged the disastrous antiforeign Boxer uprising of 1900.<br />
During the Eastern or Later Han dynasty (A.D. 25–225), the threat<br />
from Qiang tribes to the area now comprising Shanxi province was so great<br />
Women in the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>: China 689