Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
680 Women in the Martial Arts in which kicking was allowed, were also popular. Girls as young as 12 years headed the bills. Cuts were stitched on the spot, and the women often fought with broken noses, jaws, and teeth. There were occasionally matches between female boxers and female savate fighters. In 1902, for instance, a Mademoiselle Augagnier beat Miss Pinkney of England during such a bout. Pinkney was ahead during the first ninety minutes, but then Augagnier managed to kick Pinkney hard in the face, an advantage that she immediately used to send a powerful kick into Pinkney’s abdomen for the victory. 1889 Female wrestling becomes popular in France and England, with Masha Poddubnaya, wife of Ivan Poddubny, claiming the women’s title. Said journalist Max Viterbo of a female wrestling match in the Rue Montmartre in 1903, “The stale smell of sweat and foul air assaulted your nostrils. In this overheated room the spectators were flushed. Smoke seized us by the throat and quarrels broke out.” As for the wrestlers, “They flung themselves at each other like modern bacchantes—hair flying, breasts bared, indecent, foaming at the mouth. Everyone screamed, applauded, stamped his feet” (Guttman 1991, 99–100). 1891 Richard Kyle Fox and the National Police Gazette sponsor a women’s championship wrestling match in New York City; to prevent hair pulling, the women cut their hair short, and to keep everything “decent,” the women wear tights. (Not all matches were so prim, and in 1932, Frederick Van Wyck recollected some matches of his youth that were between “two ladies, with nothing but trunks on” [Gorn 1986, 130].) Fox’s wrestlers include Alice Williams and Sadie Morgan. The venue is Owney Geoghegan’s Bastille of the Bowery. 1895 Theodore Roosevelt hires the New York Police Department’s first female employee. The reason was that Minnie Kelly did more work for less money than did the two male secretaries she replaced. In 1896, Commissioner Roosevelt also gave uniforms and badges to the women who processed female prisoners at police stations. Excepting meter maids and secretaries, police departments used women mainly as matrons and vice detectives until 1968, when the Indianapolis police pioneered the use of female patrol officers. 1896 San Francisco’s Mechanics’ Pavilion becomes the first U.S. boxing venue known to have sold reserved seats to women. (The occasion was a title bout between Bob Fitzsimmons and Jack Sharkey, and Fitzsimmon’s wife Rose was notorious for sitting ringside and shouting advice to her husband.) Joseph R. Svinth See also Women in the Martial Arts: Britain and North America; Women in the Martial Arts: China; Women in the Martial Arts: Japan
References Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lufti, ed. 1979. Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications. Allen, Robert C. 1991. Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. Amdur, Ellis. 1995. “The Development and History of the Naginata.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 4, no. 1: 33–49. ———. 1996. “The Role of Arms-Bearing Women in Japanese History.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 5, no. 2: 10–35. Banham, Martin, ed. 1990. The Cambridge Guide to World Theatre. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Barber, Elizabeth W. 1994. Women’s Work: The First 20,000 Years: Women, Cloth, and Society. New York: W. W. Norton. Barber, Richard, and Juliet Barker. 1989. Tournaments: Jousts, Chivalry, and Pageants in the Middle Ages. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Bennetton, Norman A. 1938. Social Significance of the Duel in Seventeenth Century French Drama. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Boulding, Elise. 1976. The Underside of History: A View of Women through Time. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Bower, Donald E. 1991. Sex Espionage. New York: Knightsbridge Publishing. Brafford, C. J., and Thom Laine. 1992. Dancing Colors: Paths of Native American Women. San Francisco: Chronicle Books. Burton, Richard F. 1991. Wanderings in West Africa. New York: Dover Publications. Camphausen, Rufus C. 1991. The Encyclopedia of Erotic Wisdom. Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International. Conley, Carolyn. 1999. “The Agreeable Recreation of Fighting.” Journal of Social History 33, no. 1: 57–72. De Pauw, Linda Grant. 1992. Seafaring Women. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Demos, John. 1995. The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America. New York: Vintage Books. Dines, Wayne B., ed. 1990. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York: Garland Publishing. Dupuy, R. Ernest, and Trevor N. Dupuy. 1993. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present. 4th ed. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. Durova, Nadezhda Andreevena. 1988. The Cavalry Maiden: Journals of a Russian Officer in the Napoleonic Wars. Translated by Mary Fleming Zirin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Erdoes, Richard. 1985. Saloons of the Old West. Salt Lake City: Howe Brothers. Esherick, Joseph W. 1987. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ewers, John C. 1958. The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. Fehrenbach, T. R. 1974. Comanches: The Destruction of a People. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Finucane, Ronald C. 1983. Soldiers of the Faith. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Forster, R. F., ed. 1989. Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Fraser, Antonia. 1990. The Warrior Queens. New York: Vintage Books. Women in the Martial Arts 681
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References<br />
Al-Sayyid-Marsot, Afaf Lufti, ed. 1979. Society and the Sexes in Medieval<br />
Islam. Malibu, CA: Undena Publications.<br />
Allen, Robert C. 1991. Horrible Prettiness: Burlesque and American<br />
Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.<br />
Amdur, Ellis. 1995. “<strong>The</strong> Development and History of the Naginata.”<br />
Journal of Asian <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 4, no. 1: 33–49.<br />
———. 1996. “<strong>The</strong> Role of Arms-Bearing Women in Japanese History.”<br />
Journal of Asian <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 5, no. 2: 10–35.<br />
Banham, Martin, ed. 1990. <strong>The</strong> Cambridge Guide to <strong>World</strong> <strong>The</strong>atre.<br />
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.<br />
Barber, Elizabeth W. 1994. Women’s Work: <strong>The</strong> First 20,000 Years: Women,<br />
Cloth, and Society. New York: W. W. Norton.<br />
Barber, Richard, and Juliet Barker. 1989. Tournaments: Jousts, Chivalry,<br />
and Pageants in the Middle Ages. New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.<br />
Bennetton, Norman A. 1938. Social Significance of the Duel in Seventeenth<br />
Century French Drama. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.<br />
Boulding, Elise. 1976. <strong>The</strong> Underside of History: A View of Women<br />
through Time. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.<br />
Bower, Donald E. 1991. Sex Espionage. New York: Knightsbridge Publishing.<br />
Brafford, C. J., and Thom Laine. 1992. Dancing Colors: Paths of Native<br />
American Women. San Francisco: Chronicle Books.<br />
Burton, Richard F. 1991. Wanderings in West Africa. New York: Dover<br />
Publications.<br />
Camphausen, Rufus C. 1991. <strong>The</strong> Encyclopedia of Erotic Wisdom.<br />
Rochester, VT: Inner Traditions International.<br />
Conley, Carolyn. 1999. “<strong>The</strong> Agreeable Recreation of Fighting.” Journal of<br />
Social History 33, no. 1: 57–72.<br />
De Pauw, Linda Grant. 1992. Seafaring Women. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.<br />
Demos, John. 1995. <strong>The</strong> Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early<br />
America. New York: Vintage Books.<br />
Dines, Wayne B., ed. 1990. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York:<br />
Garland Publishing.<br />
Dupuy, R. Ernest, and Trevor N. Dupuy. 1993. <strong>The</strong> Harper Encyclopedia of<br />
Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present. 4th ed. New York:<br />
HarperCollins Publishers.<br />
Durova, Nadezhda Andreevena. 1988. <strong>The</strong> Cavalry Maiden: Journals of a<br />
Russian <strong>Of</strong>ficer in the Napoleonic Wars. Translated by Mary Fleming<br />
Zirin. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.<br />
Erdoes, Richard. 1985. Saloons of the Old West. Salt Lake City: Howe<br />
Brothers.<br />
Esherick, Joseph W. 1987. <strong>The</strong> Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley:<br />
University of California Press.<br />
Ewers, John C. 1958. <strong>The</strong> Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains.<br />
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.<br />
Fehrenbach, T. R. 1974. Comanches: <strong>The</strong> Destruction of a People. New<br />
York: Alfred A. Knopf.<br />
Finucane, Ronald C. 1983. Soldiers of the Faith. New York: St. Martin’s<br />
Press.<br />
Forster, R. F., ed. 1989. Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland. Oxford:<br />
Oxford University Press.<br />
Fraser, Antonia. 1990. <strong>The</strong> Warrior Queens. New York: Vintage Books.<br />
Women in the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 681