Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
676 Women in the Martial Arts named Lascarina Bouboulina, who commands ships in battle against the Turks and Egyptians, and takes pride in taking and discarding lovers like a man. 1822 In London, Martha Flaherty fights Peg Carey for a prize of £18; the fight, which starts at 5:30 A.M., is won by Flaherty, whose training has included drinking most of a pint of gin before the match. Female prizefighting was a function of the low prevailing wage rate for unskilled female labor. (Assuming she worked as a fur sewer or seamstress, Flaherty’s prize exceeded a year’s wages.) Attire included tight-fitting jackets, short petticoats, and Holland drawers. Wrestling, kicking, punching, and kneeing were allowed. Women with greater economic freedom usually preferred playing gentler games. For instance, although Eton did not play Harrow in cricket until 1805—Lord Byron was on the losing Harrovian side—Miss S. Norcross of Surrey batted a century in 1788. 1829 The Swiss educator Phokian Clias publishes a popular physical education textbook called Kalisthenie (the title comes from the Greek words meaning “beauty” and “strength”). Clias favored light to moderate exercise, and rejected ball games for women because he thought they required too much use of the shoulder and pectoral muscles. About 1830 An Italian woman named Rosa Baglioni is described as perhaps the finest stage fencer in Germany. 1832 Warning that lack of exercise produces softness, debility, and unfitness, American educator Catherine Beecher publishes A Course of Calisthenics for Young Ladies; the best exercise for a woman, according to Mrs. Beecher, is vigorous work with mop and washtub. No liberation there. Then, in 1847, Lydia Mary Child, author of The Little Girl’s Own Book, became slightly more adventurous, saying that “skating, driving hoop, and other boyish sports may be practiced to great advantage by little girls provided they can be pursued within the enclosure of a garden or court; in the street, of course, they would be highly improper” (Guttman 1991, 91). 1847 Queen Victoria decides that women who served aboard British warships during the Napoleonic Wars will not receive the General Service Medal. At least three women applied, and many more were technically eligible. But they were all denied. Explained Admiral Thomas Byam Martin, “There were many women in the fleet equally useful, and [issuing awards to women] will leave the Army exposed to innumerable applications of the same nature” (Stark 1996, 80–81; fn. 66, 184). About 1850 After catching her trying to steal their horses, Flathead Indians club to death a Blackfeet war chief called Running Eagle. As Blackfeet men frequently rode naked into battle as a way of showing that they had nothing to lose by fighting, it cannot be argued that Running Eagle masqueraded as a man. Instead, it seems to have been fairly common for
childless Blackfeet women to participate in horse-stealing expeditions. Cross-dressing men (berdache) also accompanied Plains Indian military expeditions. The cross-dressers provided supernatural protection, and the women did the cooking. Native Americans were never as sexually obsessed as the European Americans, and ethnographic evidence suggests that most rapes attributed to the American Indians were actually done by European or African Americans. (Although tales of female sexual bondage to the Indians have been a staple of English and American literature, theater, and movies for 300 years, most Indian cultures required warriors to go through lengthy cleansing rituals before having sex with anyone, male or female. These rituals were taken seriously, too, as failure to accomplish them properly could cause a man to lose his war magic.) 1850 Theater manager A. H. Purdy introduces the spectacle of “Amazons,” or uniformed women performing close-order drill, to the New York stage. Female drill teams remained popular with North American audiences for the next 150 years; just look at football halftime exercises. 1854 In New York City, an Englishman named Harry Hill opens a concert saloon at 25 East Houston Street; although prizefights are illegal in New York, Harry Hill’s nightly shows include boxing and wrestling acts. Most pugilists were male—both William Muldoon and John L. Sullivan started at Harry Hill’s—but could be female. In 1876, for instance, Nell Saunders boxed (and beat) Rose Harland for the prize of a silver butter dish. A drawing published in the National Police Gazette on November 22, 1879, shows Harry Hill’s female boxers wearing T-shirts, knickers, and buttoned shoes, and showing a scandalous amount of arm and thigh. Harry Hill’s had two entrances. The main entrance was for men, who paid twenty-five cents’ admission. The side door was for women, who paid nothing. Hill’s drinks were overpriced, and the air was a cloud of tobacco smoke. Other than that, Hill ran a respectable house, and his boxers circulated among the crowd to keep it that way. Reform politicians finally caused Harry Hill’s to close in 1886. 1857–1858 Forty-seven battalions of Bengali infantry and several independent principalities rebel against Britain’s Honourable East India Company. Although most rebels were men, the best-known rebel was a woman, the 25-year-old Rani of Jhansi. She rode into battle armed and armored like a man, and died of wounds received near Gwalior in June 1858. Rani’s counterpart on the British side, a woman whom the modern Indians revere much less, was an equally redoubtable Afghan widow from Bhopal named Sikander Begum. 1864 In volume 1 of a text called Principles of Biology, the English philosopher Herbert Spencer coins the phrase “survival of the fittest.” Spencer saw nature as a state of pitiless warfare, with the elimination of the Women in the Martial Arts 677
- Page 655 and 656: tablished. The earth’s energy/for
- Page 657 and 658: Choreographed two-person sets are a
- Page 659 and 660: ———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
- Page 661 and 662: Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
- Page 663 and 664: Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
- Page 665 and 666: Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
- Page 667 and 668: martial art. As a result, its metho
- Page 669 and 670: Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
- Page 671 and 672: and those warriors who possess this
- Page 673 and 674: Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
- Page 675 and 676: Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
- Page 677 and 678: Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
- Page 679 and 680: in this system. There are three set
- Page 681 and 682: One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
- Page 683 and 684: vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
- Page 685 and 686: 1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
- Page 687: senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
- Page 690 and 691: 660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
- Page 692 and 693: 662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
- Page 694 and 695: 664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
- Page 696 and 697: 666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
- Page 698 and 699: A depiction of the mighty female wa
- Page 700 and 701: 670 Women in the Martial Arts About
- Page 702 and 703: 672 Women in the Martial Arts About
- Page 704 and 705: 674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
- Page 708 and 709: 678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
- Page 710 and 711: 680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
- Page 712 and 713: 682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
- Page 714 and 715: Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
- Page 716 and 717: Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
- Page 718 and 719: participation and success by women
- Page 720 and 721: A woman in Beijing performing a wus
- Page 722 and 723: 692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 724 and 725: 694 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 726 and 727: 696 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 728 and 729: 698 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 730 and 731: 700 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 732 and 733: 702 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 734 and 735: 704 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
- Page 736 and 737: 706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
- Page 738 and 739: 708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
- Page 740 and 741: 710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 742 and 743: 712 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 744 and 745: 714 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 746 and 747: 716 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 748 and 749: 718 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
- Page 750 and 751: 720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
- Page 752 and 753: 722 Wrestling and Grappling: India
- Page 754 and 755: 724 Wrestling and Grappling: India
676 Women in the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong><br />
named Lascarina Bouboulina, who commands ships in battle against the<br />
Turks and Egyptians, and takes pride in taking and discarding lovers like<br />
a man.<br />
1822 In London, Martha Flaherty fights Peg Carey for a prize of £18;<br />
the fight, which starts at 5:30 A.M., is won by Flaherty, whose training has<br />
included drinking most of a pint of gin before the match. Female prizefighting<br />
was a function of the low prevailing wage rate for unskilled female<br />
labor. (Assuming she worked as a fur sewer or seamstress, Flaherty’s prize<br />
exceeded a year’s wages.) Attire included tight-fitting jackets, short petticoats,<br />
and Holland drawers. Wrestling, kicking, punching, and kneeing<br />
were allowed. Women with greater economic freedom usually preferred<br />
playing gentler games. For instance, although Eton did not play Harrow in<br />
cricket until 1805—Lord Byron was on the losing Harrovian side—Miss S.<br />
Norcross of Surrey batted a century in 1788.<br />
1829 <strong>The</strong> Swiss educator Phokian Clias publishes a popular physical<br />
education textbook called Kalisthenie (the title comes from the Greek<br />
words meaning “beauty” and “strength”). Clias favored light to moderate<br />
exercise, and rejected ball games for women because he thought they required<br />
too much use of the shoulder and pectoral muscles.<br />
About 1830 An Italian woman named Rosa Baglioni is described as<br />
perhaps the finest stage fencer in Germany.<br />
1832 Warning that lack of exercise produces softness, debility, and unfitness,<br />
American educator Catherine Beecher publishes A Course of Calisthenics<br />
for Young Ladies; the best exercise for a woman, according to Mrs.<br />
Beecher, is vigorous work with mop and washtub. No liberation there.<br />
<strong>The</strong>n, in 1847, Lydia Mary Child, author of <strong>The</strong> Little Girl’s Own Book,<br />
became slightly more adventurous, saying that “skating, driving hoop, and<br />
other boyish sports may be practiced to great advantage by little girls provided<br />
they can be pursued within the enclosure of a garden or court; in the<br />
street, of course, they would be highly improper” (Guttman 1991, 91).<br />
1847 Queen Victoria decides that women who served aboard British<br />
warships during the Napoleonic Wars will not receive the General Service<br />
Medal. At least three women applied, and many more were technically eligible.<br />
But they were all denied. Explained Admiral Thomas Byam Martin,<br />
“<strong>The</strong>re were many women in the fleet equally useful, and [issuing awards<br />
to women] will leave the Army exposed to innumerable applications of the<br />
same nature” (Stark 1996, 80–81; fn. 66, 184).<br />
About 1850 After catching her trying to steal their horses, Flathead<br />
Indians club to death a Blackfeet war chief called Running Eagle. As Blackfeet<br />
men frequently rode naked into battle as a way of showing that they<br />
had nothing to lose by fighting, it cannot be argued that Running Eagle<br />
masqueraded as a man. Instead, it seems to have been fairly common for