Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
670 Women in the Martial Arts About 1300 A secretary to the Bishop of Wurzburg produces a manuscript depicting unarmored German fighters. Known today as Manuscript I.33, the text is in Latin, while the technical terms are in German. Most of the work, however, involves a series of watercolor drawings showing students, monks, and even a woman training in a variety of sword-and-buckler techniques. 1354 The Islamic traveler Ibn Battuta reports seeing female warriors throughout Southeast Asia. Although many of these women were probably sword dancers, others were royal bodyguards. (Southeast Asian princes often preferred female bodyguards to eunuchs.) 1364–1405 Tamerlane’s armies ravage Central and Southwest Asia. Although Tamerlane was a devout Muslim, and non-Muslims took the brunt of the Timurids’ legendary cruelty, his use of female archers in defense of baggage trains appalled orthodox Muslim opponents. 1389 Sixty aristocratic women lead sixty knights and sixty squires from the Tower of London to the lists at Smithfield. The thought of females actually fighting during a tournament was, in the words of a near-contemporary German author, “as impossible as a king, prince, or knight plowing the ground or shoveling manure.” (Contemporary tales of female jousters appear most often in erotic fantasies and satires.) Women did sometimes compete in ball games and footraces. Many wealthy women also enjoyed hunting with crossbows and falcons. 1409 Christine de Pisan, the Italian-born daughter of a French court astrologer, publishes a book called Livre des Faits d’Armes (Book of Feats of Arms), a vernacular study of military strategy and international law. It includes original work, alongside translations of Vegetius and Frontinus, classical authorities in the field. It is also a reminder that medieval females could be as knowledgeable about military and political matters as was anyone else within their social or economic class. 1431 The English burn a 19-year-old Frenchwoman named Jeanne la Pucelle (Joan the Maid) as a witch. Her actual crime was rallying peasants to the French flag. (She and some Scottish mercenaries had won some important battles, thus giving the peasants hope.) Jeanne la Pucelle was renamed Jeanne d’Arc (Joan the Archer) during the sixteenth century. The modern cult of Saint Joan dates to the 1890s, when French politicians decided to use the woman’s martyrdom to create a unifying national holiday. (Bastille Day, which the Catholics viewed as godless, and the Royalists viewed as an insult, was too controversial for this purpose.) 1541 While going up a river in Brazil, the Dominican monk Gaspar de Carvajal reports being attacked by a band of armed females. The story causes the river along which Carvajal was traveling to be called the Amazon.
1541 Pedro de Valdivia leads a military expedition whose members include his mistress, Inés Suárez, overland from Peru into central Chile. About 1545 Women begin playing female roles on the French stage. The practice spreads to Italy around 1608, and Britain around 1658. The reason for the change was that dowryless females were willing to work for less money than the men and boys who had traditionally played female roles. 1561 Mochizuki Chiyome, the wife of the Japanese warlord Mochizuke Moritoki, establishes a training school for female orphans and foundlings. The skills the girls learned included shrine attendant, geisha, and spy. While Mochizuki-trained geisha are sometimes claimed as the first female ninja, it is more likely that the women were simply prostitutes trained to remember and repeat whatever they heard from their carefully selected patrons. About 1590 A chronicler named Abu Fazl describes the harem of the Mughul emperor Akbar as housing about 5,000 women. About 300 of these women were wives; the rest were servants and guards. The guards were mostly from Russia and Ethiopia, and were little more than armed slaves. There were exceptions, of course, and one of Akbar’s chief rivals in the 1560s was a warrior-queen named Rani Durgawati. 1601 A Javanese prince named Sutawijaya Sahidin Panatagam dies. Throughout his life, the man’s courage and luck were legendary, and he reportedly forgave would-be assassins by saying that daggers could not pierce the skin of a man who was protected by the gods. He took this belief seriously, too, as his concubines included an east Javanese woman who introduced herself to him by attacking him with some pistols and butterfly knives. 1606 The Iberian navigator Quiros visits the Tuamotus Archipelago, and observes its Polynesian inhabitants wrestling. Both men and women wrestled, and there were sometimes mixed bouts. The audience defined the ring by standing around the participants. The wrestling was freestyle, and hair pulling was allowed. 1611 The Mughul emperor Jahangir falls in love with an Iranian widow named Mehrunissa. The emperor’s fascination is not surprising, as Mehrunissa was a gifted poet, competent dress and carpet designer, and avid tiger hunter. (She hunted from atop a closed howdah, and once killed four tigers with just six bullets.) Her niece was Asaf Khan’s daughter Arjumand Banu, the woman for whom the Taj Mahal was built. 1630–1680 Dueling provides a favorite theme for French playwrights. According to these writers, people (both men and women dueled in French plays) dueled more often for love than honor, and trickery brought victory more often than bravery. Women in the Martial Arts 671
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670 Women in the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong><br />
About 1300 A secretary to the Bishop of Wurzburg produces a manuscript<br />
depicting unarmored German fighters. Known today as Manuscript<br />
I.33, the text is in Latin, while the technical terms are in German. Most of<br />
the work, however, involves a series of watercolor drawings showing students,<br />
monks, and even a woman training in a variety of sword-and-buckler<br />
techniques.<br />
1354 <strong>The</strong> Islamic traveler Ibn Battuta reports seeing female warriors<br />
throughout Southeast Asia. Although many of these women were probably<br />
sword dancers, others were royal bodyguards. (Southeast Asian princes often<br />
preferred female bodyguards to eunuchs.)<br />
1364–1405 Tamerlane’s armies ravage Central and Southwest Asia.<br />
Although Tamerlane was a devout Muslim, and non-Muslims took the<br />
brunt of the Timurids’ legendary cruelty, his use of female archers in defense<br />
of baggage trains appalled orthodox Muslim opponents.<br />
1389 Sixty aristocratic women lead sixty knights and sixty squires<br />
from the Tower of London to the lists at Smithfield. <strong>The</strong> thought of females<br />
actually fighting during a tournament was, in the words of a near-contemporary<br />
German author, “as impossible as a king, prince, or knight plowing<br />
the ground or shoveling manure.” (Contemporary tales of female jousters<br />
appear most often in erotic fantasies and satires.) Women did sometimes<br />
compete in ball games and footraces. Many wealthy women also enjoyed<br />
hunting with crossbows and falcons.<br />
1409 Christine de Pisan, the Italian-born daughter of a French court<br />
astrologer, publishes a book called Livre des Faits d’Armes (Book of Feats<br />
of Arms), a vernacular study of military strategy and international law. It<br />
includes original work, alongside translations of Vegetius and Frontinus,<br />
classical authorities in the field. It is also a reminder that medieval females<br />
could be as knowledgeable about military and political matters as was anyone<br />
else within their social or economic class.<br />
1431 <strong>The</strong> English burn a 19-year-old Frenchwoman named Jeanne la<br />
Pucelle (Joan the Maid) as a witch. Her actual crime was rallying peasants<br />
to the French flag. (She and some Scottish mercenaries had won some important<br />
battles, thus giving the peasants hope.) Jeanne la Pucelle was renamed<br />
Jeanne d’Arc (Joan the Archer) during the sixteenth century. <strong>The</strong><br />
modern cult of Saint Joan dates to the 1890s, when French politicians decided<br />
to use the woman’s martyrdom to create a unifying national holiday.<br />
(Bastille Day, which the Catholics viewed as godless, and the Royalists<br />
viewed as an insult, was too controversial for this purpose.)<br />
1541 While going up a river in Brazil, the Dominican monk Gaspar<br />
de Carvajal reports being attacked by a band of armed females. <strong>The</strong> story<br />
causes the river along which Carvajal was traveling to be called the<br />
Amazon.