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642 Thang-Ta 5. Before each training session, the student must bow to Pakhangba with reverence. 6. Before each training session, the student must bow to the partner and salute the partner with the weapon wielded by the student. 7. Before picking up a weapon (whether a sword, spear, shield, or stick), the student must touch it with the fingers and then touch the fingers to the forehead, thus acknowledging the sanctity of the weapon. 8. The student’s feet must never touch the student’s weapon or the partner’s weapon. 9. If any person comes between practicing partners, all practice must be stopped for the day. 10. All students must stand still when receiving the instructions from the teacher. 11. No student shall come to the school intoxicated. Chewing of betel and smoking are not allowed in the sindamsang or in the presence of the teacher. 12. At the end of a training session, the student must bow again to the teacher. Such regulations ensure that students learn in a disciplined and controlled environment, an important factor given that the slightest lapse in concentration may result in injury or even death. Students learn and execute a rigorous practice routine of different sets of exercises, after having mastered basic exercises that develop balance, flexibility, agility, endurance, and coordination. Beginning students practice with sticks of different sizes. Training in the use of various swords, the shield, and the spear follows once the student is proficient enough to use actual weapons. Thang-ta provided the basis for two other movement traditions of Manipur: the classical Manipuri dance and the performance techniques of the ensembles of drum dancers and cymbal dancers and singers known as Nata Sankirtana. The decorative, nonnarrative hand gestures and the footwork of Manipuri dance are said to derive from thang-ta. Also, the basic stances of the drum dance and the cymbal dance have been influenced by this martial art. The ever-present threat of invasion by the warriors of Myanmar and other kingdoms fostered in Manipur a strong martial tradition, which gave impetus to a vibrant physical culture as well. Among the ancient indigenous sports of Manipur are Sagol Kangjei (polo, which the British learned in Manipur), Khong Kangjei (a type of field hockey), Yubi Lakpi (coconut snatching, similar to rugby), Mukna (a style of wrestling), and Kang (a team sport played indoors only between mid-April and June). Sohini Ray See also India; Meditation; Performing Arts; Religion and Spiritual Development: India References Brara, N. Vijaylakshmi. 1998. Politics, Society and Cosmology in India’s North East. New Delhi, India: Oxford Publishing House.
Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of Manipur: The Classical Tradition. Bombay, India: Marg Publications. Hodson, T. C. 1908. The Meitheis. London: David Nutt. Kabui, Gangumen. 1991. History of Manipur: Pre-Colonial Period. Vol. 1. New Delhi, India: National Publishing House. Katyal, Anjum, ed. 1997. “Theater in Manipur Today.” Seagull Theater Quarterly 14/15. Calcutta, India: Seagull Foundations for the Arts. Lightfoot, Louise. 1958. Dance-Rituals of Manipur, India. Hong Kong: The Standard Press. Naorem, Sanajaoba, ed. 1988–1995. Manipur: Past and Present. 3 vols. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. Singh, Ch. Manihar. 1996. A History of Manipuri Literature. New Delhi, India: Sahitya Academy. Singh, E. Nilakantha. 1982. Aspects of Indian Culture. Imphal, Manipur, India: Manipur State Kala Academy. ———. 1993. Fragments of Manipuri Culture. New Delhi, India: Omsons Publications. ———. 1997. Manipuri Dances. New Delhi, India: Omsons Publications. Singh, L. Bhagyachadra. 1987. A Critical Study of the Religious Philosophy of the Meeteis before the Advent of Vaishnavism in Manipur. Imphal, Manipur, India: L. Momon Devi. Singh, L. Joychandra. 1995. The Lost Kingdom (Royal Chronicle of Manipur). Imphal, Manipur, India: Prajatantra Publishing House. Singh, M. Kirti. 1993. Folk Culture of Manipur. New Delhi, India: Manas Publications. ———. 1998. Recent Researches in Oriental and Indological Studies. New Delhi, India: Parimal Publications. ———. 1988. Religion and Culture of Manipur. New Delhi, India: Manas Publications. ———. 1980. Religious Development in the 18th and 19th Centuries. Imphal, Manipur, India: Manipur State Kala Akademi. Singh, N. Khelchandra. 1995. “The Origin of Thang-ta and Its Present Trend.” In Diamond Jubilee Volume. Manipuri Sahitya Parishad (Manipuri Literary Academy). Singh, P. Phonendrajit Singh. 1987. Paona Brajabasi. Imphal, Manipur, India: P. Phonendrajit Singh. Singh, R. K. Jhalajit. 1987. A History of Manipuri Literature. Imphal, Manipur, India: Public Book Store. ———. 1992. A Short History of Manipur. Imphal, Manipur, India: R. K. Jhalajit Singh. Singh, S. Devabrata. 1995. “Contemporary Position of Manipuri Martial Arts and towards Its Understanding.” In Souvenir. Irilbung, Manipur, India: Huyen Lalong Manipur Thang-ta Cultural Association. Training Area A training area is a system-specific context in which training in a martial art takes place. The locations considered appropriate for training vary widely across the world’s martial traditions. The choices made may arise from traditional medical beliefs. For example, the masters of some Chinese systems recommend morning practice outdoors in order to promote health. Training Area 643
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
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improve their arsenal of weapons us
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fact, some of these weapons were co
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The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
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Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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for I strongly object to formality,
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searched and experimented with othe
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Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
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In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
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are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
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“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
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The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
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modeled on the spurring talons of t
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Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
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English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
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a gibbet immediately outside the li
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lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
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Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
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As a result of the first invasion,
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Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
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and actively, defensively and offen
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to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
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sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
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the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
Page 621 and 622: (third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
Page 623 and 624: A color woodblock print of a duel b
Page 625 and 626: Another form subscribed to combat s
Page 627 and 628: tainment that belongs in samurai mo
Page 629 and 630: Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
Page 631 and 632: through their perceptions, understa
Page 633 and 634: T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636: distinct identity, with a common fo
Page 637 and 638: Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
Page 639 and 640: Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
Page 641 and 642: In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
Page 643 and 644: ing, as it is successful kicks that
Page 645 and 646: plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
Page 647 and 648: emphasis is placed on tournament fi
Page 649 and 650: Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
Page 651 and 652: Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
Page 653 and 654: powerful larger, sweeping, striking
Page 655 and 656: tablished. The earth’s energy/for
Page 657 and 658: Choreographed two-person sets are a
Page 659 and 660: ———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
Page 661 and 662: Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
Page 663 and 664: Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
Page 665 and 666: Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
Page 667 and 668: martial art. As a result, its metho
Page 669 and 670: Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
Page 671: and those warriors who possess this
Page 675 and 676: Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
Page 677 and 678: Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
Page 679 and 680: in this system. There are three set
Page 681 and 682: One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
Page 683 and 684: vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
Page 685 and 686: 1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
Page 687: senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
Page 690 and 691: 660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
Page 692 and 693: 662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
Page 694 and 695: 664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
Page 696 and 697: 666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
Page 698 and 699: A depiction of the mighty female wa
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Page 702 and 703: 672 Women in the Martial Arts About
Page 704 and 705: 674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
Page 706 and 707: 676 Women in the Martial Arts named
Page 708 and 709: 678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
Page 710 and 711: 680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
Page 712 and 713: 682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
Page 714 and 715: Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
Page 716 and 717: Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
Page 718 and 719: participation and success by women
Page 720 and 721: A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
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746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
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752 Written Texts: India Beginning
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754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
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756 Written Texts: India skritized
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758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
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762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
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766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
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768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
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772 Written Texts: Japan
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Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
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A student practices xingyiquan at t
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Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
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Undated photo of the legendary Gran
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784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
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786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
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About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
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About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
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141 cont. animals themselves, the a
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Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
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1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
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1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
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About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
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About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
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1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
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1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
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Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
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Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
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Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
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AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
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and spiritual development: Japan Ar
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Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
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Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
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Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
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Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
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Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
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Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
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Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
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and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
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and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
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303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
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Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
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Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
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May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
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Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
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Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
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Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
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Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
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Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
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Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
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Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
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and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
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Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
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Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
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Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
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and tournaments, 706 and training,
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Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
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About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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