Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
kendô. The Japanese ban on Korean martial arts was, however, simply another obstacle in a long line of obstacles that hindered the transmission of Korean muye (martial arts). In the latter part of the Chosun dynasty (1392–1910), military skills such as kungdô (archery) and kumdô fell into decline among the yangban (hereditary aristocracy), who embraced the philosophical notions of neo- Confucianism. And although radical Confucianism advocated the use of force as a practical means to achieve a political end, government by intellectual force was advocated over government by physical force. Ironically, the preservation of Korea’s martial heritage may have been the result of a scholarly movement known as Sirhak (Practical Learning), undertaken during the latter part of the eighteenth century by literati who sought to enact social reform. The Sirhak scholars sought the model for a perfect society in ancient Chinese texts, while, at the same time, examining events in Korean history that had led to their social and political dilemma. The emperors Yungjo (1727–1776) and Chungjo (1776–1800) encouraged these studies and even established the Kyujanggak research institute on the palace grounds, for the purpose of preparing and disseminating texts for government administration. The Ming Chinese military classic, Jixiao Xinshu (New Book of Effective Discipline), may have been among the documents that were researched and used to create the Sok Pyungjang Tosul (Revised Illustrated Manual of Military Training and Tactics). The Sok Pyungjang Tosul was probably the basis for the Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji (Manual of Martial Arts Training), the document that contains the sword forms used in Haedong Kumdô. The Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji The Jixiao Xinshu was a text on wuyi (Chinese martial arts) written by the Ming general Qi Jiguang in 1561, and history suggests that the Koreans acquired the document by dubious means during the latter stages of the Imjin War (1592–1598), which was fought with the assistance of the Ming against the Japanese forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. It is doubtful that the Ming would have freely given up such an important military document to the Koreans, especially when a mere thirty-six years later, in 1636, the Qing (Manchu) Chinese forced the capitulation of King Injo and demanded Korean troops to assist in the subjugation of the Ming. The Sok Pyungjang Tosul was probably based on a copy of the Jixiao Xinshu, while the Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji, composed in 1790 and containing sections on armed and unarmed combat, as well as cavalry and infantry tactics, is a copy of the Sok Pyungjang Tosul. The sword forms used in modern Haedong Kumdô were gleaned from those contained within the Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji. 598 Swordsmanship, Korean/Hankuk Haedong Kumdô
Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen Koen and Ron Mottern from the Round Rock (Texas) Kwan practice techniques from Sangsu Kumbup and Yedo Kumbup. (Courtesy of Ron Mottern)
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kendô. <strong>The</strong> Japanese ban on Korean martial arts was, however, simply another<br />
obstacle in a long line of obstacles that hindered the transmission of<br />
Korean muye (martial arts).<br />
In the latter part of the Chosun dynasty (1392–1910), military skills<br />
such as kungdô (archery) and kumdô fell into decline among the yangban<br />
(hereditary aristocracy), who embraced the philosophical notions of neo-<br />
Confucianism. And although radical Confucianism advocated the use of<br />
force as a practical means to achieve a political end, government by intellectual<br />
force was advocated over government by physical force. Ironically,<br />
the preservation of Korea’s martial heritage may have been the result of a<br />
scholarly movement known as Sirhak (Practical Learning), undertaken during<br />
the latter part of the eighteenth century by literati who sought to enact<br />
social reform. <strong>The</strong> Sirhak scholars sought the model for a perfect society in<br />
ancient Chinese texts, while, at the same time, examining events in Korean<br />
history that had led to their social and political dilemma. <strong>The</strong> emperors<br />
Yungjo (1727–1776) and Chungjo (1776–1800) encouraged these studies<br />
and even established the Kyujanggak research institute on the palace<br />
grounds, for the purpose of preparing and disseminating texts for government<br />
administration. <strong>The</strong> Ming Chinese military classic, Jixiao Xinshu<br />
(New Book of Effective Discipline), may have been among the documents<br />
that were researched and used to create the Sok Pyungjang Tosul (Revised<br />
Illustrated Manual of Military Training and Tactics). <strong>The</strong> Sok Pyungjang<br />
Tosul was probably the basis for the Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji (Manual of<br />
<strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> Training), the document that contains the sword forms used<br />
in Haedong Kumdô.<br />
<strong>The</strong> Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji<br />
<strong>The</strong> Jixiao Xinshu was a text on wuyi (Chinese martial arts) written by the<br />
Ming general Qi Jiguang in 1561, and history suggests that the Koreans<br />
acquired the document by dubious means during the latter stages of the<br />
Imjin War (1592–1598), which was fought with the assistance of the Ming<br />
against the Japanese forces of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. It is doubtful that the<br />
Ming would have freely given up such an important military document to<br />
the Koreans, especially when a mere thirty-six years later, in 1636, the<br />
Qing (Manchu) Chinese forced the capitulation of King Injo and demanded<br />
Korean troops to assist in the subjugation of the Ming. <strong>The</strong> Sok<br />
Pyungjang Tosul was probably based on a copy of the Jixiao Xinshu,<br />
while the Mu Yei Do Bo Tong Ji, composed in 1790 and containing sections<br />
on armed and unarmed combat, as well as cavalry and infantry tactics,<br />
is a copy of the Sok Pyungjang Tosul. <strong>The</strong> sword forms used in modern<br />
Haedong Kumdô were gleaned from those contained within the Mu<br />
Yei Do Bo Tong Ji.<br />
598 Swordsmanship, Korean/Hankuk Haedong Kumdô