Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
592 Swordsmanship, Japanese holding a sword while on horseback. An examination of picture scrolls further indicates that until the late Kamakura period the sword was held in the right hand only, since the design of the handle (tsuka) kept the handle short, the material hard, and the profile narrow, thus making it difficult to grip. By the Nanbokuchô period (fourteenth century) the design of the sword changed to allow a better hold, making the sword more practical in battle. Descriptions of sword fights, as recorded in the Taiheiki, and examination of remaining swords from that period attest to their superior quality and to their increasing importance on the battlefield, though mounted archery seems to have maintained its primacy. From the mid-fifteenth century, following the Ônin War, Japanese swordsmanship entered an important period that lasted a century and a half. During this time, sword techniques were developed by warriors who focused their martial training on swordsmanship. The Ônin War between the Yamana and Hosokawa clans on one side and Shiba and Hatakeyama clans on the other was only the beginning of almost a century of civil war, starting in Kyoto and its neighboring provinces, and later spreading countrywide. Continuous and intensive warfare, the need to keep a constant state of military readiness, and above all, the necessity of maintaining a technological advantage and a level of fighting skills higher than those of neighboring armies prompted a significant change in the approach to military training, taking it to a higher, more sophisticated, and systematic level. Continuous civil strife brought two developments that were consequential for the formation of early schools of swordsmanship. First was the interest of the daimyo (provincial lord) in protecting his military prowess by having efficient fighting methods developed for and acquired by his army. To protect the integrity of his army, the daimyo was interested in keeping these fighting skills unique to his domain, thus being able to maintain a leverage of surprise over his enemies. Second, guarded borders and limited mobility made the intermixing of military knowledge less likely (though not impossible), as teachers of swordsmanship were now more clearly identified with and served under a single daimyo. Though distinct schools of swordsmanship, each with an identifiable skillful and charismatic founder, did not develop until the late sixteenth century, the factors mentioned above set the stage for this development in the 1500s. Battlefield swordsmanship reached its highest level and produced a number of schools of swordsmanship during the last three decades of the sixteenth century, when civil war intensified dramatically in what is known as the Sengoku period (late sixteenth century), a period in which Japan was in a state of gekokujô (those below overthrow those above). Though expert swordsmen had been assigned to teach swordsmanship since the late Heian period, and some fourteenth-century swordsmen even formed what may be
A color woodblock print of a duel between Ario Maru and Karieo Maru created by Ichiyusai Kuniyoshi. (Victoria & Albert Museum, London/Art Resource, NY) considered systematized teachings, it was only in the Sengoku and early Tokugawa (seventeenth-century) periods that these experts formed clearly defined schools, with written records, sets of techniques, and established genealogies. The formation of schools was possible because warriors who participated in battles and were able to achieve high skills in swordsmanship as a result of their extensive battlefield experience could rely on the name they created for themselves to attract the attention of potential patrons and followers. Indeed, patronage by prominent warriors was not hard to find because of the demand for such teachers. Ultimately, the cause for a new emphasis on sword fighting was the result of the new firearm technology, which rendered mounted archery especially inferior and vulnerable, thus making foot soldiers carrying swords replace the mounted warrior. In addition, a culture of specialized schools of art, theater performance, and craftsmanship was already in place and operating long before the formation of distinct schools of swordsmanship. Consequently, when Sengoku and early Tokugawa warriors sought to establish swordsmanship traditions, they relied on those existing schools for a model. Two more factors contributed to the formation of specialized schools of swordsmanship. First, social mobility during the Sengoku period provided almost anybody with an opportunity to achieve recognition and advance to a higher social status. For many, swordsmanship was the way to realize their ambition. Those who mastered swordsmanship and made names for themselves on the battlefield or in challenge duels, even those of peasant origin who served as low-ranking foot soldiers, could look for re- Swordsmanship, Japanese 593
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592 Swordsmanship, Japanese<br />
holding a sword while on horseback. An examination of picture scrolls further<br />
indicates that until the late Kamakura period the sword was held in<br />
the right hand only, since the design of the handle (tsuka) kept the handle<br />
short, the material hard, and the profile narrow, thus making it difficult to<br />
grip. By the Nanbokuchô period (fourteenth century) the design of the<br />
sword changed to allow a better hold, making the sword more practical in<br />
battle. Descriptions of sword fights, as recorded in the Taiheiki, and examination<br />
of remaining swords from that period attest to their superior<br />
quality and to their increasing importance on the battlefield, though<br />
mounted archery seems to have maintained its primacy.<br />
From the mid-fifteenth century, following the Ônin War, Japanese<br />
swordsmanship entered an important period that lasted a century and a<br />
half. During this time, sword techniques were developed by warriors who<br />
focused their martial training on swordsmanship. <strong>The</strong> Ônin War between<br />
the Yamana and Hosokawa clans on one side and Shiba and Hatakeyama<br />
clans on the other was only the beginning of almost a century of civil war,<br />
starting in Kyoto and its neighboring provinces, and later spreading countrywide.<br />
Continuous and intensive warfare, the need to keep a constant<br />
state of military readiness, and above all, the necessity of maintaining a<br />
technological advantage and a level of fighting skills higher than those of<br />
neighboring armies prompted a significant change in the approach to military<br />
training, taking it to a higher, more sophisticated, and systematic level.<br />
Continuous civil strife brought two developments that were consequential<br />
for the formation of early schools of swordsmanship. First was the<br />
interest of the daimyo (provincial lord) in protecting his military prowess<br />
by having efficient fighting methods developed for and acquired by his<br />
army. To protect the integrity of his army, the daimyo was interested in<br />
keeping these fighting skills unique to his domain, thus being able to maintain<br />
a leverage of surprise over his enemies. Second, guarded borders and<br />
limited mobility made the intermixing of military knowledge less likely<br />
(though not impossible), as teachers of swordsmanship were now more<br />
clearly identified with and served under a single daimyo. Though distinct<br />
schools of swordsmanship, each with an identifiable skillful and charismatic<br />
founder, did not develop until the late sixteenth century, the factors<br />
mentioned above set the stage for this development in the 1500s.<br />
Battlefield swordsmanship reached its highest level and produced a<br />
number of schools of swordsmanship during the last three decades of the<br />
sixteenth century, when civil war intensified dramatically in what is known<br />
as the Sengoku period (late sixteenth century), a period in which Japan was<br />
in a state of gekokujô (those below overthrow those above). Though expert<br />
swordsmen had been assigned to teach swordsmanship since the late Heian<br />
period, and some fourteenth-century swordsmen even formed what may be