Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Defense and disarming moves as taught by the enormously influential Italian Master of Defence Fiore dei Liberi. This illustration appeared in his Flos Duellatorium (Flower of Battle), first published in 1410. (Courtesy of John Clements) 572 Swordsmanship, European Medieval used was not uniform throughout the Middle Ages. Many schools of fighting even developed different methods for armored and unarmored combat. Most medieval combat, however, pitted mail-clad warriors armed with shield, spear, ax, and sword against one another. It is important not to characterize all medieval combat by means of the cliché of the knight in shining armor. Throughout the period, plate-armor was the exception, not the norm, and represented only a fraction of armor types worn. Used primarily by knights and wealthy men-atarms, plate-armor existed in countless varieties, and the later style of fully encasing, fully articulated plate-armor must be distinguished from the earlier forms. Much medieval European plate-armor is ingenious and unequaled anywhere in the world. Although the use of plate-armor did decrease speed and agility, its use was not nearly as debilitating or restrictive as popular belief suggests. The shield, among the earliest and most obvious forms of personal defense, served as an adjunct to armor for most of the Middle Ages. In the crowded clash of battle with spears and arrows, holding a deflecting cover makes great sense for a warrior. In the push and shove of mass warfare there might be fewer opportunities to employ one’s weapon, but a shield will get almost constant use. In closer combat, the utility of the shield is evident in the way it allows a warrior to block slashes and thrusts while still allowing counterattacks. With the many classes of medieval shield and the highly developed methods of employing them, these ancient tools were represented in a highly effective form. Like the medieval sword, medieval shields are familiar objects that frequently have been undervalued. Like the sword, medieval European shields were by no means uniform or universal. They ranged from larger oval and round forms to long teardrop and triangular kite shapes, and small hand-bucklers. Due mainly to the rise of heavy cavalry and the coming of plate-armor, shields underwent several changes during the Middle Ages. Weapon blows were devastating in their effect, and armor alone was simply not sufficient protection (at least not until the later advent of full plate). In all its varied forms, the medieval shield could be used passively
and actively, defensively and offensively, whether mounted or on foot. For hundreds of years, the sword and shield were considered integral. Medieval shields were generally tough and well made. They were designed to withstand repeated blows and generally could not be purposely attacked and destroyed by any sword. The coming of firearms and massed pike-formations eventually rendered the shield obsolete as a practical implement of war. But prior to this, it was a highly prized tool. Study today of this most simple yet formidable instrument can be a fascinating martial exercise. The medieval sword and shield never employed a “wham-bam, whack-whack” style, or mere brutish hacking. This combination was employed with a dynamic skill that took coordination and intense practice. The conditions under which they effectively operated required subtle and tight movements more than aggressive hitting. The effectiveness of a properly handled medieval shield and sword is formidable. A shield considerably enhanced a warrior’s defense, especially in the case of unarmored or lightly armored fighters. At the same time, it scarcely diminished a warrior’s offense. A shield could eliminate almost half the body’s targets and allow a weapon to remain hidden and ready to strike from an indirect position, particularly against an adversary’s legs. A fighter using a shield could step right up with virtual impunity and deliver a wicked and swift blow, seemingly from out of nowhere. A shield allowed a fighter to close in against pole weapons such as pikes and charge or stand under assault by arrow and spear. It could also be a weapon in itself, and it is likely that no medieval warrior thought of it only as an implement of passive protection. Historically, a warrior would avoid hitting his enemy’s shield in favor of feigning attacks to provoke openings that permitted cuts at the head, neck, hand, forearm, and especially the shin and ankle. Other targets were the face, throat, underarm, and groin. The feint was not the only means of creating an opportunity for a cut. Swords could cut into the edges of untrimmed shields. The bare wood let a blade bite into it a few inches, and for an instant, the sword would stick. Until it was pulled free, an attacker was left quite vulnerable. For this reason, shields without metal rims were actually sometimes favored over trimmed shields. Therefore, no purpose was served by intentionally hacking away at the edges of an opponent’s shield and in the process creating an opening for a counterblow. Instead, the idea was to force the adversary to react, move his shield in defense, and become vulnerable. Medieval shields blocked with both their flat face and their edges. The flat surface of a shield naturally acts as its own area defense. Even in the case of untrimmed shields, the edge of the shield was also used, not just the flat. The shield was not held so close to the body that maneuverability was lost. It did not just hang, but moved to hit the adversary’s shield or to divert Swordsmanship, European Medieval 573
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and actively, defensively and offensively, whether mounted or on foot. For<br />
hundreds of years, the sword and shield were considered integral.<br />
Medieval shields were generally tough and well made. <strong>The</strong>y were designed<br />
to withstand repeated blows and generally could not be purposely<br />
attacked and destroyed by any sword. <strong>The</strong> coming of firearms and massed<br />
pike-formations eventually rendered the shield obsolete as a practical implement<br />
of war. But prior to this, it was a highly prized tool. Study today<br />
of this most simple yet formidable instrument can be a fascinating martial<br />
exercise. <strong>The</strong> medieval sword and shield never employed a “wham-bam,<br />
whack-whack” style, or mere brutish hacking. This combination was employed<br />
with a dynamic skill that took coordination and intense practice.<br />
<strong>The</strong> conditions under which they effectively operated required subtle and<br />
tight movements more than aggressive hitting. <strong>The</strong> effectiveness of a properly<br />
handled medieval shield and sword is formidable. A shield considerably<br />
enhanced a warrior’s defense, especially in the case of unarmored or<br />
lightly armored fighters. At the same time, it scarcely diminished a warrior’s<br />
offense. A shield could eliminate almost half the body’s targets and<br />
allow a weapon to remain hidden and ready to strike from an indirect position,<br />
particularly against an adversary’s legs. A fighter using a shield<br />
could step right up with virtual impunity and deliver a wicked and swift<br />
blow, seemingly from out of nowhere. A shield allowed a fighter to close in<br />
against pole weapons such as pikes and charge or stand under assault by<br />
arrow and spear. It could also be a weapon in itself, and it is likely that no<br />
medieval warrior thought of it only as an implement of passive protection.<br />
Historically, a warrior would avoid hitting his enemy’s shield in favor<br />
of feigning attacks to provoke openings that permitted cuts at the head,<br />
neck, hand, forearm, and especially the shin and ankle. Other targets were<br />
the face, throat, underarm, and groin. <strong>The</strong> feint was not the only means of<br />
creating an opportunity for a cut. Swords could cut into the edges of<br />
untrimmed shields. <strong>The</strong> bare wood let a blade bite into it a few inches, and<br />
for an instant, the sword would stick. Until it was pulled free, an attacker<br />
was left quite vulnerable. For this reason, shields without metal rims were<br />
actually sometimes favored over trimmed shields. <strong>The</strong>refore, no purpose<br />
was served by intentionally hacking away at the edges of an opponent’s<br />
shield and in the process creating an opening for a counterblow. Instead,<br />
the idea was to force the adversary to react, move his shield in defense, and<br />
become vulnerable.<br />
Medieval shields blocked with both their flat face and their edges. <strong>The</strong><br />
flat surface of a shield naturally acts as its own area defense. Even in the<br />
case of untrimmed shields, the edge of the shield was also used, not just the<br />
flat. <strong>The</strong> shield was not held so close to the body that maneuverability was<br />
lost. It did not just hang, but moved to hit the adversary’s shield or to divert<br />
Swordsmanship, European Medieval 573