Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
556 Stickfighting, Non-Asian fied teachers and schools, literature, and annual conferences. England, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada have similar organizations. Noah Tuleja See also Masters of Defence; Performing Arts References Angelo, Domenico. 1765. The School of Fencing. London: S. Hooper. Di Grassi, Giacomo. 1594. His True Arte of Defence. London: I. G. Gentleman. Girard, Dale Anthony. 1997. Actors on Guard. New York: Routledge/ Theatre Arts Books. Hobbs, William. 1980. Stage Combat: The Action to the Word. New York: St. Martin’s Press. Martinez, J. D. 1996. The Swords of Shakespeare: An Illustrated Guide to Stage Combat Choreography in the Plays of Shakespeare. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. Silver, George. 1599. Paradoxes of Defence. London: Edward Blount. Suddeth, J. Allen. 1996. Fight Directing for the Theatre. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Stickfighting, Non-Asian The use of a stick, club, or staff as a weapon in combat or in combative sports is called stickfighting. Today these uses can be classed into two types. First, there are those arts that developed for use with a stick, such as makila in the Basque highlands, shillelagh in Ireland, quarterstaff in Europe, and bôjutsu in Okinawa. Second, there are those arts that developed from the use of another weapon like the sword or spear. These arts would include la canne d’armes in France, singlestick in England, and arnis de mano in the Philippines. To say the use of the stick in fighting is one of man’s earliest weapons is a relatively obvious statement supported by archaeology. A broken branch, an antler, or a large leg bone makes an excellent impromptu club. Stickfighting systems have developed around the world and many survive today in the forms of sports, folk dances, and cultural activities as well as fighting systems. Many others systems did not survive the introduction of reliable, personal firearms and sport forms of fencing. At one time, each country in Europe seems to have had its own system of stickfighting. Fighting with sticks or cudgels was accepted for judicial duels in medieval Europe, and several records of these fights survive. In the fifteenth century, Olivier de la Marche told of a judicial duel between two tailors fought with shield and cudgel. According to ancient custom in Burgundy, the burghers of Valenciennes were allowed to participate in a judicial combat with cudgels. These civilians of the middle class had their shield reversed (upside down), as they were commoners and hence not allowed to use a knightly shield. The loser was then taken and hanged upon
a gibbet immediately outside the lists. Other judicial combats with clubs are reported in England, Germany, and France. In Shakespeare’s King Henry VI, Part 2, a trial by combat between a master and his apprentice with cudgels is based on a historical case (act 2, scene 3). In Ireland, the use of the walking stick, the shillelagh, and the staff were common, as the British occupiers restricted access of the population to weapons. The association of the shillelagh with the Irish in the United States is so strong that the shillelagh has become one of the symbols of St. Patrick’s Day. Several other weapons were used, and there are some attempts to preserve or recreate these systems under the name of brata (stick). The United Kingdom had several native systems, associated not only with the Welsh, the Scottish, and the English in general but also with local regions. By the nineteenth century, two systems seem to predominate: the quarterstaff and the singlestick. Quarterstaff, a 6-foot stave about 1 1/4 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter, goes back to earliest times. Mentioned in the stories of Saxons and Vikings, it became the preferred weapon of the yeoman or peasant. It is mentioned in George Silver’s Paradoxes of Defense, and in the late 1600s, a British sailor defeated three opponents armed with rapiers in a bout before a Spanish court. It was played as a sport by the British military up into the twentieth century and was taught to the Boy Scouts in the United Kingdom and United States up until the late 1960s. Quarterstaff techniques were taught to the police in the United Kingdom, the United States, and India for use with riot batons, and the lathi, an Indian police staff about 5 feet long, shows considerable influence from it. Currently, it is still used for military training, and several groups are preserving or recovering it, along with other English martial arts. Cudgel or singlestick was originally used to train soldier in sword technique, but later became its own martial art. Civilians played it as a sport and as a method of defending oneself with a cane. As a rough sport, it was taught and played in colleges, schools, and county fairs. Cudgel play was a distinct descendant of the short-sword and dagger play of Silver’s time, which gladiators of James Miller’s and James Figg’s day still recognized. Miller, himself a noted Master of Defence, published a book in 1737 with plates detailing the weapons of the craft, including the cudgel. James Figg was considered the greatest Master of Defence and a well-known teacher in the same period. As the use of the traditional weapons had faded from the battlefield, the masters earned money by having exhibitions and public matches like the gladiators of old. Those professionals fought some of their duels on the stage with a Scottish broadsword in the right hand, and in the left a shorter weapon, some 14 inches in length, furnished with a basket hilt similar to that of their swords, which they used in parrying. The cudgel players copied these weapons in a less dangerous form, the steel Stickfighting, Non-Asian 557
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556 Stickfighting, Non-Asian<br />
fied teachers and schools, literature, and annual conferences. England, Australia,<br />
New Zealand, and Canada have similar organizations.<br />
Noah Tuleja<br />
See also Masters of Defence; Performing <strong>Arts</strong><br />
References<br />
Angelo, Domenico. 1765. <strong>The</strong> School of Fencing. London: S. Hooper.<br />
Di Grassi, Giacomo. 1594. His True Arte of Defence. London: I. G.<br />
Gentleman.<br />
Girard, Dale Anthony. 1997. Actors on Guard. New York: Routledge/<br />
<strong>The</strong>atre <strong>Arts</strong> Books.<br />
Hobbs, William. 1980. Stage Combat: <strong>The</strong> Action to the Word. New York:<br />
St. Martin’s Press.<br />
Martinez, J. D. 1996. <strong>The</strong> Swords of Shakespeare: An Illustrated Guide to<br />
Stage Combat Choreography in the Plays of Shakespeare. Jefferson, NC:<br />
McFarland.<br />
Silver, George. 1599. Paradoxes of Defence. London: Edward Blount.<br />
Suddeth, J. Allen. 1996. Fight Directing for the <strong>The</strong>atre. Portsmouth, NH:<br />
Heinemann.<br />
Stickfighting, Non-Asian<br />
<strong>The</strong> use of a stick, club, or staff as a weapon in combat or in combative<br />
sports is called stickfighting. Today these uses can be classed into two types.<br />
First, there are those arts that developed for use with a stick, such as makila<br />
in the Basque highlands, shillelagh in Ireland, quarterstaff in Europe,<br />
and bôjutsu in Okinawa. Second, there are those arts that developed from<br />
the use of another weapon like the sword or spear. <strong>The</strong>se arts would include<br />
la canne d’armes in France, singlestick in England, and arnis de mano in the<br />
Philippines. To say the use of the stick in fighting is one of man’s earliest<br />
weapons is a relatively obvious statement supported by archaeology. A broken<br />
branch, an antler, or a large leg bone makes an excellent impromptu<br />
club. Stickfighting systems have developed around the world and many survive<br />
today in the forms of sports, folk dances, and cultural activities as well<br />
as fighting systems. Many others systems did not survive the introduction<br />
of reliable, personal firearms and sport forms of fencing.<br />
At one time, each country in Europe seems to have had its own system<br />
of stickfighting. Fighting with sticks or cudgels was accepted for judicial<br />
duels in medieval Europe, and several records of these fights survive.<br />
In the fifteenth century, Olivier de la Marche told of a judicial duel between<br />
two tailors fought with shield and cudgel. According to ancient custom in<br />
Burgundy, the burghers of Valenciennes were allowed to participate in a judicial<br />
combat with cudgels. <strong>The</strong>se civilians of the middle class had their<br />
shield reversed (upside down), as they were commoners and hence not allowed<br />
to use a knightly shield. <strong>The</strong> loser was then taken and hanged upon
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