Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
536 Social Uses of the Martial Arts on fancier games than they could possibly afford. Thus Romans staged gladiatorial contests in which expensive slaves were killed, and alumni groups buy new uniforms and team equipment. Preposterous violence. Humans take pleasure in imagining a world in which bad things happen to worse people, and James Twitchell has defined theatrical efforts in this direction as “preposterous violence.” (Some examples of what he means include religious iconography featuring tortured saints and deities, Punch-and-Judy shows, comic books, kung fu theater, and professional wrestling.) Preposterous violence is voyeuristic rather than participatory, and as a result it usually bolsters rather than threatens the status quo. Rites of passage. Here the emphasis is usually less on combat effectiveness than on learning to take one’s lumps like a man. Thus gangs have beatings-in, schoolboys have hazing, and assorted cultures have youth games involving mutual flagellation. Military organizations and martial art classes typically invoke similar rites of passage: “I once studied a martial art that offered ‘special training’ twice a year,” recalled a martial arts practitioner during personal correspondence with the author of this entry. “I don’t believe I ever really learned anything at these events, but the bonding and the testosterone boost, even among the women in the group, were palpable for the next few weeks.” Status. A belt is just a belt, and as any decent philosopher or religious leader will affirm, it is pointless to claim to be a grand master when one has yet to master one’s carnal self. Nevertheless, the human desire for status (also called “ego”) explains why teachers frequently take enormous pride in grandiloquent titles while their students pay hundreds, sometimes thousands, of dollars for what are, after all, nothing more than clothing accessories. Vice. In most societies, vice is a crime only if one gets caught, and as early as 388 B.C., boxers were being paid to lose in the Olympics. The more commercial the society, the more likely vice is to flourish, and in the postmodern world, casino owner Donald Trump has found “a direct relation between a high roller in the gaming sense and a boxing fan.” (Specifically, a boxing championship meant an extra $15 million a week in business, and almost $2 million a week in profits.) (Berger 1993, 193). There are doubtless more than the twenty categories listed. Of note, however, is the fact that each category contains the potential for both good and evil. So regardless of why a society (or individual) patronizes an activity, it is what the society (or individual) does with the activity that ultimately matters most. Joseph R. Svinth See also Dueling; Folklore in the Martial Arts; Political Conflict and the Martial Arts
References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sword Dance and Drama. London: Merlin Press. Allen, Charles, and Sharada Dwivedi. 1985. Lives of the Indian Princes. New York: Crown Publishers. Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler’s Body: Identity and Ideology in North India. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich. 1968. Rabelais and His World. Translated by Helene Iswolsky. New York: Cambridge University Press. Banham, Martin, ed. 1990. The Cambridge Guide to World Theatre. New York: Cambridge University Press. Berger, Phil. 1993. Punch Lines. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows. Drews, Robert. 1993. The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Fair, John D. 1999. Muscletown USA: Bob Hoffman and the Manly Culture of York Barbell. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. Fraser, George MacDonald. 1995. Quartered Safe out Here. New York: HarperCollins. Gallant, Thomas W. 2000. “Honor, Masculinity, and Ritual Knife Fighting in Nineteenth-Century Greece.” The American Historical Review 105, no. 2 (April). http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/105.2/ ah000359.html. Green, Thomas A. 1997. “Historical Narrative in the Martial Arts: A Case Study.” In Usable Pasts: Traditions and Group Expressions in North America. Edited by Tad Tuleja. Logan: Utah State University Press. Hobsbawm, Eric J. 1969. Bandits. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Hobsbawm, E. J., and Terence Ranger, eds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press. Holloway, Thomas H. 1993. Policing Rio de Janeiro: Repression and Resistance in a 19th-Century City. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Holt, J C. 1989. Robin Hood. New York: Thames and Hudson. Huizinga, Johan. 1955. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play Element in Culture. Boston: Beacon Press. Ibn Khaldun. 1967. The Muqaddimah. Translated by Franz Rosenthal, edited by N. J. Dawood. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Jankowski, Martín Sánchez. 1991. Islands in the Street: Gangs and American Urban Society. Berkeley: University of California Press. La Barre, Weston. 1972. The Ghost Dance: The Origins of Religion. New York: Delta Books. Lagerwey, John. 1987. Taoist Ritual in Chinese Society and History. New York: Macmillan. Liu, James J. Y. 1967. The Chinese Knight-Errant. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lüschen, Günter, ed. 1970. The Cross-Cultural Analysis of Sport and Games. Champaign, IL: Stipes Publishing. Macleod, David I. 1983. Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870–1920. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. McNeill, William H. 1995. Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Morris, David. 1991. The Culture of Pain. Berkeley: University of California Press. Social Uses of the Martial Arts 537
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536 Social Uses of the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong><br />
on fancier games than they could possibly afford. Thus Romans staged<br />
gladiatorial contests in which expensive slaves were killed, and alumni<br />
groups buy new uniforms and team equipment.<br />
Preposterous violence. Humans take pleasure in imagining a world in<br />
which bad things happen to worse people, and James Twitchell has defined<br />
theatrical efforts in this direction as “preposterous violence.” (Some examples<br />
of what he means include religious iconography featuring tortured saints<br />
and deities, Punch-and-Judy shows, comic books, kung fu theater, and professional<br />
wrestling.) Preposterous violence is voyeuristic rather than participatory,<br />
and as a result it usually bolsters rather than threatens the status quo.<br />
Rites of passage. Here the emphasis is usually less on combat effectiveness<br />
than on learning to take one’s lumps like a man. Thus gangs have<br />
beatings-in, schoolboys have hazing, and assorted cultures have youth<br />
games involving mutual flagellation. Military organizations and martial art<br />
classes typically invoke similar rites of passage: “I once studied a martial<br />
art that offered ‘special training’ twice a year,” recalled a martial arts practitioner<br />
during personal correspondence with the author of this entry. “I<br />
don’t believe I ever really learned anything at these events, but the bonding<br />
and the testosterone boost, even among the women in the group, were palpable<br />
for the next few weeks.”<br />
Status. A belt is just a belt, and as any decent philosopher or religious<br />
leader will affirm, it is pointless to claim to be a grand master when one has<br />
yet to master one’s carnal self. Nevertheless, the human desire for status (also<br />
called “ego”) explains why teachers frequently take enormous pride in<br />
grandiloquent titles while their students pay hundreds, sometimes thousands,<br />
of dollars for what are, after all, nothing more than clothing accessories.<br />
Vice. In most societies, vice is a crime only if one gets caught, and as<br />
early as 388 B.C., boxers were being paid to lose in the Olympics. <strong>The</strong> more<br />
commercial the society, the more likely vice is to flourish, and in the postmodern<br />
world, casino owner Donald Trump has found “a direct relation<br />
between a high roller in the gaming sense and a boxing fan.” (Specifically,<br />
a boxing championship meant an extra $15 million a week in business, and<br />
almost $2 million a week in profits.) (Berger 1993, 193).<br />
<strong>The</strong>re are doubtless more than the twenty categories listed. <strong>Of</strong> note,<br />
however, is the fact that each category contains the potential for both good<br />
and evil. So regardless of why a society (or individual) patronizes an activity,<br />
it is what the society (or individual) does with the activity that ultimately<br />
matters most.<br />
Joseph R. Svinth<br />
See also Dueling; Folklore in the <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>; Political Conflict and the<br />
<strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>