Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
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Martial Arts Of The World - Webs

Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs

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524 Silat exists that can be started at green glove. Specialized training in how to teach, the logic behind the methods of training, and the techniques are required. The colored sash recognizes teaching rank: orange for coach, purple for initiateur (one who initiates), maroon for aide moniteur (assistant monitor), and black and green for moniteur (monitor). Those who hold the honorific titles of professeur, maitre, and grande maitre wear black and red, red, and white or pure white respectively. Of the technical ranks, silver gloves wear a black and blue sash. Students are also classed as élèves (students), disciples (disciples), and donneurs (teachers). Anyone below the silver glove is an élève unless he has earned a teaching rank. The silver gloves and instructors below moniteur are considered disciples, or apprentices. This implies a personal relationship with a professeur who trains them in the art. Moniteurs and higher are called donneurs, as they give back to the art. Kevin P. Menard See also Boxing, European; Capoeira; Dueling; Europe; Masters of Defence; Pankration; Stickfighting, Non-Asian; Swordsmanship, European Renaissance References Brown, Terry. 1997. English Martial Arts. London: Anglo-Saxon Books. Buitron, Paul-Raymond. 1998. Encyclopedia of Danse de Rue Savate. Laredo, TX: Border Studies Press. Chronif Alter Kampftünfte. 1997. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Weinmann. Delahyde, Michel. 1991. Savate, Chausson, and Boxe Française. Paris: Editions François Reder. Devost, Pierre. 1885. Manuel de la Boxe-Française et Anglaise: Methode LeBoucher. Paris: Librairie de Jules Taride. Raisin, Lydie, and Richard Sylla. 1987. Boxe Française. Paris: Robert Laffont. Reed, Philip, and Richard Muggeridge. 1985. Savate. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. Talhoffer Fechtbuch. Reprint of 1447 edition. Cambridge, MA: Historical Reprints. Silat This Southeast Asian martial system is known variously as silat (Indonesia, the Philippines), silek (Indonesia), and bersilat (Malaysia). The term silat is generally agreed to mean “combat” or “fighting” and is commonly coupled with a modifier such as ber (Malay; to do) or pencak/pentjak (Indonesian; translated by Draeger and Smith as “regulated, skillful body movements” [1980, 178]). The system is based on indigenous Indonesian combat arts, with primary influence from India and China. Silat employs striking with both hands and feet, throws, and locks. A variety of weapons are integrated along with unarmed techniques in silat curricula. Techniques

are launched from very low stances, deep crouches, or even creeping positions. These stances are regarded as “signatures” of silat. Most sources contend that silat originated on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, located just across the Strait of Malacca from the Malaysian peninsula. The art originated in Sumatra during the period of the Menangkabu Empire. The art developed and proliferated from the seventh to the sixteenth centuries, becoming a network of systematized arts by about the fourteenth century. The art was exported to Malaysia to the Malaccan court and undoubtedly influenced bersilat, which enters recorded history in about the fourteenth century. Silat is an amalgam of indigenous Indonesian martial traditions and imported traditions from India, China, and the Middle East. In contemporary Indonesia the Japanese arts (e.g., jûdô and karate) and weapons (e.g., the katana, the classic Japanese single-edged, curved sword) have exerted an influence on some schools. The earliest non-Indonesian influences are likely to have been introduced in the area of the Sumatran seaport of Palembang during the period of the Mahayana Buddhist Srivijaya Empire (seventh to twelfth century A.D.) by Indians and Chinese who landed at the seaport. In noting the variety of influences on silat from abroad, Donn Draeger asserts, “In pentjak-silat can be found Nepalese music, Hindu weapons and combative styles, Siamese costumes, Arabian weapons, and Chinese weapons and combative tactics” (1972, 32). From Chinese wushu, silat derived its circular movement patterns, weapon names (e.g., pisau, a type of knife), and probably the use of animal forms in its various styles; Draeger and Robert Smith contend that both wushu and silat animal forms were inspired by early Indian combatives, however. Hindu culture can be seen in silat’s grappling tactics, and the prototype of the tjabang (a short metal truncheon roughly in the shape of a blunt trident, resembling the Okinawan sai) is probably the Indian trisula. With the arrival of Islam in the archipelago, the Arab jambia probably provided the prototype for many Muslim pentjak silat blades. In the twentieth century, contemporary Japanese martial arts influenced modern silat tactics, techniques, weapons, and belt ranking (Draeger and Smith 1980, 32–33). On the other hand, the most common oral traditions attribute the origins of the art to a native Indonesian inventor. Legend claims that a western Sumatran woman created the art after watching a fight between a snake and a bird or, another variant states, a large bird and a tiger. This is a legend that silat holds in common with other non-Indonesian martial arts such as taijiquan (tai chi ch’uan). If not of independent origin, this narrative may have been passed along with the animal styles common to the various systems of silat as an element of the Chinese heritage. This borrowing would be consistent with Draeger and Smith’s arguments noted above. Silat 525

524 Silat<br />

exists that can be started at green glove. Specialized training in how to<br />

teach, the logic behind the methods of training, and the techniques are required.<br />

<strong>The</strong> colored sash recognizes teaching rank: orange for coach, purple<br />

for initiateur (one who initiates), maroon for aide moniteur (assistant<br />

monitor), and black and green for moniteur (monitor). Those who hold the<br />

honorific titles of professeur, maitre, and grande maitre wear black and<br />

red, red, and white or pure white respectively. <strong>Of</strong> the technical ranks, silver<br />

gloves wear a black and blue sash.<br />

Students are also classed as élèves (students), disciples (disciples), and<br />

donneurs (teachers). Anyone below the silver glove is an élève unless he has<br />

earned a teaching rank. <strong>The</strong> silver gloves and instructors below moniteur<br />

are considered disciples, or apprentices. This implies a personal relationship<br />

with a professeur who trains them in the art. Moniteurs and higher are<br />

called donneurs, as they give back to the art.<br />

Kevin P. Menard<br />

See also Boxing, European; Capoeira; Dueling; Europe; Masters of Defence;<br />

Pankration; Stickfighting, Non-Asian; Swordsmanship, European<br />

Renaissance<br />

References<br />

Brown, Terry. 1997. English <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>. London: Anglo-Saxon Books.<br />

Buitron, Paul-Raymond. 1998. Encyclopedia of Danse de Rue Savate.<br />

Laredo, TX: Border Studies Press.<br />

Chronif Alter Kampftünfte. 1997. Berlin, Germany: Verlag Weinmann.<br />

Delahyde, Michel. 1991. Savate, Chausson, and Boxe Française. Paris:<br />

Editions François Reder.<br />

Devost, Pierre. 1885. Manuel de la Boxe-Française et Anglaise: Methode<br />

LeBoucher. Paris: Librairie de Jules Taride.<br />

Raisin, Lydie, and Richard Sylla. 1987. Boxe Française. Paris: Robert<br />

Laffont.<br />

Reed, Philip, and Richard Muggeridge. 1985. Savate. Boulder, CO: Paladin<br />

Press.<br />

Talhoffer Fechtbuch. Reprint of 1447 edition. Cambridge, MA: Historical<br />

Reprints.<br />

Silat<br />

This Southeast Asian martial system is known variously as silat (Indonesia,<br />

the Philippines), silek (Indonesia), and bersilat (Malaysia). <strong>The</strong> term silat is<br />

generally agreed to mean “combat” or “fighting” and is commonly coupled<br />

with a modifier such as ber (Malay; to do) or pencak/pentjak (Indonesian;<br />

translated by Draeger and Smith as “regulated, skillful body<br />

movements” [1980, 178]). <strong>The</strong> system is based on indigenous Indonesian<br />

combat arts, with primary influence from India and China. Silat employs<br />

striking with both hands and feet, throws, and locks. A variety of weapons<br />

are integrated along with unarmed techniques in silat curricula. Techniques

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