Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
512 Sambo wear shorts or a wresting singlet, wrestling shoes, and a tight-fitting jacket known as a kurtka. The kurtka is tighter fitting than the traditional jûdôgi. In addition, the kurtka has epaulets or shoulder cuffs for grasping. Sambo practitioners also wear a belt that can be grasped by competitors and used for throws. The kurtka has rings to hold the belt in place, which is intended to simulate actual street clothing. A sambo match is two periods of three minutes each with a one-minute rest interval between the two periods. The goal of the competitors is a total victory. This occurs in one of three ways: after a throw when the thrown lands on his back and the thrower remains standing, when the opponent taps the mat twice after being locked into a submission hold, and when one competitor has twelve points over the opponent’s total. Failing total victory, the competitor with the most points wins. It is important to note that sambo matches are won by the awarding of points; there are no pins or throws that can directly end a match, as in most other wrestling systems. Sambists have four methods to gain points in a match. The first is by throwing the opponent. Points are awarded by examining the final positions of both the thrower and the thrown after the throw is completed. The second is by a takedown. The attacking sambist must unbalance the opponent and take him to the mat, similar to Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling. The third method is by a hold. The attacking sambist must hold the opponent’s back toward the mat in a danger position of less than ninety degrees, with both chests in contact, to score. The fourth method is by a submission hold. Submission, or torture, holds are pressure holds exerted against the arms or legs. Examples include arm bars, leg locks, joint locks, and ankle locks. Note that there are no choke holds in sport sambo. A women’s division was added in 1987 to Soviet sambo competition. Sambo has a belt ranking system that is similar to some Asian martial arts, but its legitimacy is a subject of controversy. Some organizations recognize this system, while others do not. Belts begin with first degree, a white belt, and go up to eleventh degree, which is gold with an FILA emblem and honor band. Practitioners are awarded rankings exclusively based on competition. The first three belts are awarded at the regional level. Fourth and fifth degrees are awarded by regional coaches with approval from a country’s national sambo federation. Sixth and seventh degrees are awarded to national champions. Eighth degree belts are awarded to champions who place third in an international event. Ninth degree rankings are for those who place second in an international event, and tenth degree is for those who place first. The eleventh degree is reserved for sambists with formidable competitive records or for those judged as “international masters” of sambo. Sambo coaches can be awarded belts based on the records of their students.
In addition to this ranking system, the USSR Sports Federation had its own internal system of sambo ranking. Sambists who were actively competing in the USSR were considered to be “sport candidates.” Those sambists who won a national title in their class were awarded the title “master of sport” and were licensed to teach the art. There were different classes of sport sambo competition, including armed forces sambo competitions, KGB competitions, amateur competitions, and youth competitions. Today, sambo is regulated by the International Amateur Sambo Federation (FIAS), which is further developing an international system of rankings and rules. This may lead to changes in sambo grading and proficiency examinations. It is likely, however, that the rules for competition and the method for awarding points in tournaments will remain the same. Soviet films sometimes showcased sambo. There are three films that may be familiar to Western filmgoers. The first, The Undefeated, is a film about the life and travels of Anatolij Kharlampiev in his development of sambo. The second, Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears, was the 1980 Oscar winner for Best Foreign Film and features a whimsical display of the art, as a sambist engages the Soviet version of juvenile delinquents. The final entry, The Individual Swimmer, features Soviet commandos and spies incorporating sambo techniques as they attempt to avert a war. Sambo champions and trainers are well known and respected in the former Soviet Union and Russia. Anatolij Kharlampiev is a hero of the former Soviet Union for his work. Russian figures such as David Rudman and Laishev Renat are as well known in their home country as football and baseball players in the United States. With the advent of events such as the Ultimate Fighting Championship and international no-holds-barred events, sambists such as Oleg Taktarov and Igor Zinoviev have become recognizable figures worldwide. Sambo was, for fifty years, the exclusive martial art for more than 300 million people. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union and free flow of information now occurring from the Russian Federation, the popularity of sambo continues to grow. As martial arts of all styles continue to grow in popularity worldwide, sambo can rightfully take its place as one of the most influential and effective fighting styles of the twentieth century. Gene P. Tausk References Corcoran, John, and Emil Farkas. 1983. Martial Arts: Traditions, History, People. New York: Gallery Books. Eigminas, P. 1992. Sambo: Pervye Shagi (Sambo: The First Steps). Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport. Retjuskikh, Alexander I., and S. I. Zajashnikov. 1992. Russkij Still’ Rukopashnogo Boja—Stil’ Kadochnikova (Russian Style of Hand-tohand Combat—Kadochnikov Style). Novosibirsk, Russia: Vest’. Sambo 513
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512 Sambo<br />
wear shorts or a wresting singlet, wrestling shoes, and a tight-fitting jacket<br />
known as a kurtka. <strong>The</strong> kurtka is tighter fitting than the traditional jûdôgi.<br />
In addition, the kurtka has epaulets or shoulder cuffs for grasping. Sambo<br />
practitioners also wear a belt that can be grasped by competitors and used<br />
for throws. <strong>The</strong> kurtka has rings to hold the belt in place, which is intended<br />
to simulate actual street clothing.<br />
A sambo match is two periods of three minutes each with a one-minute<br />
rest interval between the two periods. <strong>The</strong> goal of the competitors is a total<br />
victory. This occurs in one of three ways: after a throw when the thrown<br />
lands on his back and the thrower remains standing, when the opponent<br />
taps the mat twice after being locked into a submission hold, and when one<br />
competitor has twelve points over the opponent’s total. Failing total victory,<br />
the competitor with the most points wins. It is important to note that sambo<br />
matches are won by the awarding of points; there are no pins or throws that<br />
can directly end a match, as in most other wrestling systems.<br />
Sambists have four methods to gain points in a match. <strong>The</strong> first is by<br />
throwing the opponent. Points are awarded by examining the final positions<br />
of both the thrower and the thrown after the throw is completed. <strong>The</strong><br />
second is by a takedown. <strong>The</strong> attacking sambist must unbalance the opponent<br />
and take him to the mat, similar to Greco-Roman and freestyle<br />
wrestling. <strong>The</strong> third method is by a hold. <strong>The</strong> attacking sambist must hold<br />
the opponent’s back toward the mat in a danger position of less than ninety<br />
degrees, with both chests in contact, to score. <strong>The</strong> fourth method is by a<br />
submission hold. Submission, or torture, holds are pressure holds exerted<br />
against the arms or legs. Examples include arm bars, leg locks, joint locks,<br />
and ankle locks. Note that there are no choke holds in sport sambo. A<br />
women’s division was added in 1987 to Soviet sambo competition.<br />
Sambo has a belt ranking system that is similar to some Asian martial<br />
arts, but its legitimacy is a subject of controversy. Some organizations recognize<br />
this system, while others do not. Belts begin with first degree, a<br />
white belt, and go up to eleventh degree, which is gold with an FILA emblem<br />
and honor band. Practitioners are awarded rankings exclusively<br />
based on competition. <strong>The</strong> first three belts are awarded at the regional<br />
level. Fourth and fifth degrees are awarded by regional coaches with approval<br />
from a country’s national sambo federation. Sixth and seventh degrees<br />
are awarded to national champions. Eighth degree belts are awarded<br />
to champions who place third in an international event. Ninth degree rankings<br />
are for those who place second in an international event, and tenth degree<br />
is for those who place first. <strong>The</strong> eleventh degree is reserved for sambists<br />
with formidable competitive records or for those judged as<br />
“international masters” of sambo. Sambo coaches can be awarded belts<br />
based on the records of their students.