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A modern picture of a Buddhist monastery on Mount Wudang. (Courtesy of Paul Brians) 30 Boxing, Chinese 1900 brought the retaliation of an eight-nation expeditionary force comprising British, French, Italian, Russian, German, Japanese, Austro-Hungarian, and American troops. The boxer’s fists and talismans proved no match for bullets as China entered the twentieth century. Under the Manchu Qing dynasty they were a symbol of China’s backwardness, but after the Revolution of 1911, the traditional martial arts became a symbol of nationalism when they were introduced into the public school system as a uniquely Chinese form of physical fitness. One survey conducted in 1919 identified 110 different boxing styles being practiced throughout the country (73 in the Yellow River region of north China, 30 in the Yangze River region, and 7 in the Pearl River area). Many professional martial artists opened their own guoshuguan (training schools), and some became associated with a government-sponsored Central Martial Arts Institute that was established in the Nationalist capital of Nanjing in 1927. The institute was originally organized into Wudang (internal—including only taijiquan, baguazhang, and xingyiquan) and Shaolin (external—comprising all other styles) branches according to the Chinese view of their two major boxing schools. Using boxing as its foundation, the institute produced martial arts instructors for public service. Prior to the anti-Japanese War of Resistance (1937–1945), nationwide form and contact competitions were held, with mixed results. The Nationalists abandoned the program when they retreated to Taiwan in 1949, but the Communists built upon its foundation. Under the Physical Culture and Sports Commission, they integrated traditional martial arts into their physical education programs and developed standardized routines of changquan (long boxing), nanquan (southern boxing), taijiquan, and weapons routines for nationwide practice and competition. During the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966–1976), aspects of the traditional martial arts, such as teacher-disciple relationships, were severely criticized, and many old, valuable documents were destroyed in what could be termed a decade of blind ignorance. Since the Cultural Revolution, especially after 1979, there has been a revival of the program, although interest in state-sponsored activities has dwindled. Meanwhile, there has been recognition of the fact that the earlier emphasis on standardized routines has resulted in neglect and loss of some as-
pects of the traditional arts, particularly in the practical application of fighting techniques. But Chinese boxing and the martial arts in general have already begun to take on a new life outside China. The world is beginning to realize that the term kung fu or gongfu really means “skill” in Chinese, not “boxing,” and that Chinese boxing has a long and colorful history, deeply rooted in Chinese society and culture for many centuries before the founding of Shaolin Monastery (ca. A.D. 425). Stanley E. Henning See also Animal and Imitative Systems in Chinese Martial Arts; Baguazhang (Pa Kua Ch’uan); Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles; Taijiquan (Tai Chi Ch’uan); Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) References Ban Gu. 1936. Qianhanshu (Former Han History). Shanghai: Zhonghua Shuju. Chen Menglei. 1977. Gujin Tushu Jicheng (Encyclopedia of Ancient and Modern Literature). Taibei: Dingwen Shuju. Cui Hong. 1886. Shiliuguo Chunqiu (Sixteen State Spring and Autumn Annals). Hebei: Guanshu Chu. Esherick, Joseph W. 1987. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising. Berkeley: University of California Press. Fang Xuanling. 1936. Jin Shu (Jin History). Shanghai: Zhonghua Shuju. Giles, Herbert A. 1906. “The Home of Jiu Jitsu.” Adversaria Sinica 5: 132–138. Gongyang Gao. 1936. Gongyang Zhuan (The Gongyang Commentaries). Shanghai: Zhonghua Shuju. Gu Shi. 1987. Hanshu Yiwenzhi Jiangshu (Explanation of the Han History Bibliographies). Shanghai: Guji Chubanshe. Guliang Yi. 1936. Guliang Zhuan (The Guliang Commentaries). Shanghai: Zhonghua Shuju. Guo Xifen. 1970 [1919]. Zhongguo Tiyushi (Chinese Physical Culture History). Taibei: Taiwan Commercial Press. Hao Yixing. 1934. Erya Yishu (Meaning of and Commentary on the Erya). Shanghai: Shangwu Yinshuguan. Henning, Stanley E. 1981. “The Chinese Martial Arts in Historical Perspective.” Military Affairs [now Journal of Military History] 45, no. 4: 173–178. ———. 1995. “General Qi Jiguang’s Approach to Martial Arts Training.” The Chenstyle Journal 3, no. 2: 1–3. ———. 1998. “Guojia Tiwei Wushu Yanjiu Yuan, bianzuan (National Physical Culture and Sports Commission Martial Arts Research Institute, editors and compilers). Zhongguo Wushu Shi (Chinese Martial Arts History).” China Review International 5, no. 2: 417–424. ———. 1999. “Review of Zhongguo Wushushi (Chinese Martial Arts History) by Xi Yuntai,” Beijing: People’s Physical Culture Publishers, 1985. In Journal of Asian Martial Arts 8, no. 1: 103–105. Huang Zongxi. 1936. Nanlei Wending (Nanlei’s Definitive Writings). Shanghai: Zhonghua Shuju. Kang Gewu. 1995. The Spring and Autumn of Chinese Martial Arts: 5000 Years. Santa Cruz, CA: Plum Publishing. Boxing, Chinese 31
Page 1: Martial Arts of the World
Page 4 and 5: Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
Page 6 and 7: vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
Page 9 and 10: Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
Page 11 and 12: Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
Page 13: Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
Page 16 and 17: xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
Page 18 and 19: xviii Introduction References Frida
Page 21 and 22: Africa and African America Although
Page 23 and 24: a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
Page 25 and 26: the competitors. In this respect, t
Page 27 and 28: Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
Page 29 and 30: Many African combat systems relied
Page 31 and 32: as a result of similar circumstance
Page 33 and 34: eturn strike; rather, the practitio
Page 35 and 36: Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
Page 37 and 38: The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
Page 39 and 40: A young woman aims at a barrel of s
Page 41: See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
Page 44 and 45: Baguazhang is closely associated wi
Page 46 and 47: 26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
Page 48 and 49: Chinese children in a martial arts
Page 52 and 53: 32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
Page 54 and 55: A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
Page 56 and 57: Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
Page 58 and 59: 38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
Page 60 and 61: 40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
Page 62 and 63: 42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
Page 64 and 65: 44 Boxing, European See also Animal
Page 66 and 67: 46 Boxing, European marked the end
Page 68 and 69: 48 Boxing, European If there is one
Page 70 and 71: 50 Boxing, European practicality an
Page 72 and 73: 52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
Page 74 and 75: 54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
Page 76 and 77: 56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
Page 78 and 79: 58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
Page 81 and 82: Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
Page 83 and 84: quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
Page 85 and 86: early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
Page 87 and 88: The entries on archery, straight sw
Page 89 and 90: Contemporary literature provides a
Page 91 and 92: eral policies in recent years have
Page 93 and 94: Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
Page 95 and 96: A candidate for knighthood, after s
Page 97 and 98: though the weapons were blunted, th
Page 99 and 100: wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
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improve their arsenal of weapons us
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fact, some of these weapons were co
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The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
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Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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for I strongly object to formality,
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searched and experimented with othe
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Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
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In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
Page 484 and 485:
desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
Page 504 and 505:
tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
Page 508 and 509:
spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
Page 512 and 513:
To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
Page 520 and 521:
and gods and all creatures. Success
Page 522 and 523:
Aside from magical spells, the alch
Page 524 and 525:
Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
Page 526 and 527:
a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 537 and 538:
Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
Page 539 and 540:
A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
Page 545 and 546:
A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
Page 553 and 554:
teach the techniques and logic of a
Page 555 and 556:
are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
Page 565 and 566:
“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
Page 569 and 570:
The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
Page 577 and 578:
and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
Page 579 and 580:
modeled on the spurring talons of t
Page 581 and 582:
Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
Page 583 and 584:
English actor, producer, and direct
Page 585 and 586:
moves, the actors and the choreogra
Page 587 and 588:
a gibbet immediately outside the li
Page 589 and 590:
lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
Page 595 and 596:
Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
Page 597 and 598:
As a result of the first invasion,
Page 599 and 600:
Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
Page 603 and 604:
and actively, defensively and offen
Page 605 and 606:
to stand up against increasingly he
Page 607 and 608:
there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
Page 611 and 612:
the period clearly demonstrates tha
Page 613 and 614:
sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
Page 615 and 616:
the late Renaissance as a personal
Page 617 and 618:
classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
Page 623 and 624:
A color woodblock print of a duel b
Page 625 and 626:
Another form subscribed to combat s
Page 627 and 628:
tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
Page 633 and 634:
T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636:
distinct identity, with a common fo
Page 637 and 638:
Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
Page 639 and 640:
Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
Page 643 and 644:
ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
Page 649 and 650:
Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
Page 653 and 654:
powerful larger, sweeping, striking
Page 655 and 656:
tablished. The earth’s energy/for
Page 657 and 658:
Choreographed two-person sets are a
Page 659 and 660:
———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
Page 661 and 662:
Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
Page 663 and 664:
Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
Page 665 and 666:
Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
Page 667 and 668:
martial art. As a result, its metho
Page 669 and 670:
Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
Page 671 and 672:
and those warriors who possess this
Page 673 and 674:
Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
Page 675 and 676:
Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
Page 677 and 678:
Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
Page 679 and 680:
in this system. There are three set
Page 681 and 682:
One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
Page 683 and 684:
vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
Page 685 and 686:
1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
Page 687:
senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
Page 690 and 691:
660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
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666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
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678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
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682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
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Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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Page 734 and 735:
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706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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Page 748 and 749:
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
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746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
Page 782 and 783:
752 Written Texts: India Beginning
Page 784 and 785:
754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
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756 Written Texts: India skritized
Page 788 and 789:
758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
Page 792 and 793:
762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
Page 796 and 797:
766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
Page 798 and 799:
768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
Page 802 and 803:
772 Written Texts: Japan
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Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
Page 807 and 808:
A student practices xingyiquan at t
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Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
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Undated photo of the legendary Gran
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784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
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786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
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About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
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About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
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141 cont. animals themselves, the a
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Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
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1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
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1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
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About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
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About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
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1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
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1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
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Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
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Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
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AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
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and spiritual development: Japan Ar
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Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
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Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
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Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
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Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
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Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884:
Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
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Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
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and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
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and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
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303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
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Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
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Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
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May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
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Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
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Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
Page 903 and 904:
Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
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Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
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Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
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Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
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Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
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and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
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Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
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Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
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Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
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and tournaments, 706 and training,
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Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
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About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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