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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Green All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publishers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Martial arts of the world: an encyclopedia / [edited] by Thomas A. Green. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57607-150-2 (hardcover: alk. paper); 1-57607-556-7 (ebook) 1. Martial arts—Encyclopedias. I. Green, Thomas A., 1944– GV1101.M29 2001 796.8'03—dc21 2001002823 06 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an e-book. Visit abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, Inc. 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper I. Manufactured in the United States of America
Volume 1: A–Q Africa and African America, 1 Aikidô, 12 Animal and Imitative Systems in Chinese Martial Arts, 16 Archery, Japanese, 18 Baguazhang (Pa Kua Ch’uan), 23 Boxing, Chinese, 26 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles, 32 Boxing, European, 44 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, 52 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei, 56 A Note on Romanization, ix Martial Arts of the World: An Encyclopedia Capoeira, 61 China, 65 Chivalry, 72 Combatives: Military and 83 Police Martial Art Training, 000 Dueling, 97 Europe, 109 External vs. Internal Chinese Martial Arts, 119 Folklore in the Martial Arts, 123 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice, 135 Gladiators, 141 Gunfighters, 149 Hapkidô, 157 Heralds, 162 Iaidô, 169 India, 173 Japan, 179 Japanese Martial Arts, Chinese Influences on, 199 Jeet Kune Do, 202 Jûdô, 210 Kajukenbo, 219 Kalarippayattu, 225 Karate, Japanese, 232 Contents v
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
Page 29 and 30:
Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
Page 72 and 73:
52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
Page 85 and 86:
early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
Page 87 and 88:
The entries on archery, straight sw
Page 89 and 90:
Contemporary literature provides a
Page 91 and 92:
eral policies in recent years have
Page 93 and 94:
Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
Page 95 and 96:
A candidate for knighthood, after s
Page 97 and 98:
though the weapons were blunted, th
Page 99 and 100:
wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
Page 101 and 102:
and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
Page 107 and 108:
and 1930s, comic books and movies f
Page 109 and 110:
he beat up the British Resident. Th
Page 111 and 112:
And, with decolonization on the hor
Page 113 and 114:
Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
Page 115:
United States Army. 1992. Field Man
Page 118 and 119:
98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
Page 120 and 121:
100 Dueling the upper class, but it
Page 122 and 123:
102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
Page 124 and 125:
104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
Page 126 and 127:
106 Dueling theories are different,
Page 128 and 129:
108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
Page 130 and 131:
110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
Page 132 and 133:
An armored ninthcentury Franconian
Page 134 and 135:
An old German woodcut illustrating
Page 136 and 137:
116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
Page 138 and 139:
118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
Page 140 and 141:
elow the navel) by physical and spi
Page 142 and 143:
122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
Page 150 and 151:
130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
Page 160 and 161:
In any event, one should probably n
Page 162 and 163:
142 Gladiators in every province of
Page 164 and 165:
144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
Page 166 and 167:
146 Gladiators The question, of cou
Page 168 and 169:
148 Gongfu Although providing marti
Page 170 and 171:
A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
Page 172 and 173:
152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
Page 174 and 175:
154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
Page 177 and 178:
Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
Page 179 and 180:
and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
Page 181 and 182:
ecome other thoughts. In combat app
Page 183 and 184:
this ideology by a word meaning “
Page 185 and 186:
largely the creation of heralds, wh
Page 187 and 188:
Christendom gradually acquired the
Page 189 and 190:
Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
Page 191 and 192:
the imaginary blood is flicked off
Page 193 and 194:
Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
Page 195 and 196:
for infantry; and for wrestling), a
Page 197 and 198:
named after dynamic animals such as
Page 199 and 200:
Japan The historical development an
Page 201 and 202:
Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
Page 203 and 204:
egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
Page 205 and 206:
of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
Page 207 and 208:
winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
Page 211 and 212:
improve their arsenal of weapons us
Page 213 and 214:
fact, some of these weapons were co
Page 215 and 216:
The periodic emphasis on the ideal
Page 217 and 218:
of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
Page 219 and 220:
Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
Page 221 and 222:
Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
Page 223 and 224:
for I strongly object to formality,
Page 225 and 226:
searched and experimented with othe
Page 227 and 228:
Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
Page 229 and 230:
In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
Page 231 and 232:
the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
Page 233 and 234:
Naturally, it was immediately compa
Page 235 and 236:
(jûdô practitioner). Older system
Page 237:
———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
Page 240 and 241:
220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
Page 242 and 243:
222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
Page 244 and 245:
224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
Page 246 and 247:
Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
Page 248 and 249:
228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
Page 250 and 251:
230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
Page 252 and 253:
232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
Page 254 and 255:
234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
Page 258 and 259:
238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
Page 260 and 261:
240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
Page 262 and 263:
242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
Page 264 and 265:
244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
Page 266 and 267:
246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
Page 268 and 269:
248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
Page 270 and 271:
250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
Page 272 and 273:
252 Kendô only noted fencers from
Page 274 and 275:
254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
Page 276 and 277:
Japanese men and women practicing K
Page 278 and 279:
258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
Page 280 and 281:
260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
Page 282 and 283:
262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
Page 284 and 285:
264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
Page 286 and 287:
266 Knights tury, when the benefice
Page 288 and 289:
268 Knights vided with support in t
Page 290 and 291:
270 Knights adopt those hereditary
Page 292 and 293:
272 Knights hope of being knighted
Page 294 and 295:
274 Knights acquire dominions and f
Page 296 and 297:
276 Knights which time the tourname
Page 298 and 299:
278 Knights their own troop and fou
Page 300 and 301:
280 Knights Germany were probably f
Page 302 and 303:
282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
Page 304 and 305:
284 Knights From the beginning of t
Page 306 and 307:
286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
Page 308 and 309:
288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
Page 310 and 311:
290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
Page 312 and 313:
Winners of an archery contest in Ko
Page 314 and 315:
294 Korea fucianism so completely t
Page 316 and 317:
296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
Page 318 and 319:
298 Korea KTA and changed the name
Page 320 and 321:
including Ming general Qi Jiguang
Page 322 and 323:
302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
Page 324 and 325:
304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
Page 326 and 327:
306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
Page 328:
Krav Maga practitioners are taught
Page 331 and 332:
powerless for a few seconds while t
Page 333 and 334:
Krav maga has been called the “fi
Page 335:
Two young women demonstrate Chinese
Page 338 and 339:
318 Masters of Defence and-death en
Page 340 and 341:
320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
Page 342 and 343:
322 Masters of Defence ing both in
Page 344 and 345:
324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
Page 346 and 347:
326 Masters of Defence the classic
Page 348 and 349:
328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
Page 350 and 351:
330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
Page 352 and 353:
332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
Page 354 and 355:
334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
Page 356 and 357:
A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
Page 358 and 359:
338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
Page 360 and 361:
340 Middle East ture battles. The c
Page 362 and 363:
342 Middle East The oil obviously m
Page 364 and 365:
344 Mongolia to gain punching power
Page 366 and 367:
Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
Page 368 and 369:
348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
Page 370 and 371:
350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
Page 372 and 373:
352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
Page 374 and 375:
354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
Page 376 and 377:
356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
Page 378 and 379:
358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
Page 380 and 381:
360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
Page 383 and 384:
Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
Page 385 and 386:
Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
Page 387 and 388:
source in Okinawa. The family opera
Page 389 and 390:
A meeting of a branch of the Knight
Page 391 and 392:
it one of the largest and most wide
Page 393 and 394:
the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
Page 395 and 396:
in 1211 and had just been expelled
Page 397 and 398:
the Knightly Order of St. George, f
Page 399 and 400:
tallers of St. John wore a habit an
Page 401 and 402:
some places grand priories, includi
Page 403 and 404:
cipline was enforced by written reg
Page 405 and 406:
though they normally included men f
Page 407 and 408:
emony (principally the Knights of t
Page 409 and 410:
and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
Page 411 and 412:
took it upon themselves to promote
Page 413 and 414:
Castilian court. Before he could co
Page 415 and 416:
William, and St. George of the Peli
Page 417 and 418: cieties. One order—that of the Sh
Page 419 and 420: order in 1344, there can be little
Page 421: minion or domain, the monarchical o
Page 424 and 425: 404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
Page 426 and 427: 406 Pacific Islands was developed f
Page 428 and 429: 408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
Page 430 and 431: 410 Pankration References Balent, M
Page 432 and 433: 412 Pankration feet were permitted.
Page 434 and 435: 414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
Page 436 and 437: 416 Pankration With the explosion o
Page 438 and 439: An opera singer in full costume wav
Page 440 and 441: 420 Performing Arts can be impossib
Page 442 and 443: 422 Philippines now internationally
Page 444 and 445: Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
Page 446 and 447: 426 Philippines his people. Althoug
Page 448 and 449: 428 Philippines Also in the first c
Page 450 and 451: 430 Philippines While the sixth cat
Page 452 and 453: 432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
Page 454 and 455: 434 Philippines Besides reasons of
Page 456 and 457: A painting of a burning station and
Page 458 and 459: A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
Page 460 and 461: 440 Political Conflict and the Mart
Page 462 and 463: 442 Political Conflict and the Mart
Page 465: Martial Arts of the World
Page 470 and 471: vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
Page 473: A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
Page 476 and 477: Taekwondo students wear colored bel
Page 478 and 479: for every battle, but whenever a ma
Page 480 and 481: century the cross was introduced wh
Page 482 and 483: the mobilization of an expedition t
Page 484 and 485: desire of Christian princes to main
Page 486 and 487: The martial arts probably more ofte
Page 488 and 489: Shaolin Monastery, established in A
Page 490 and 491: ing on boxing to try to bring it up
Page 492 and 493: See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
Page 494 and 495: An Indian miniature of the defeat o
Page 496 and 497: In terms of formalized religious pr
Page 498 and 499: from these austerities is thought t
Page 500 and 501: Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
Page 502 and 503: Religion and Spiritual Development:
Page 504 and 505: tention to the relationships among
Page 506 and 507: from firsthand knowledge of their o
Page 508 and 509: spread throughout the world. It rea
Page 510 and 511: ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
Page 512 and 513: To counter the influence of the Bri
Page 514 and 515: Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
Page 516 and 517: Japan. Variation by region and soci
Page 518 and 519:
to deliver the labor and taxes dema
Page 520 and 521:
and gods and all creatures. Success
Page 522 and 523:
Aside from magical spells, the alch
Page 524 and 525:
Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
Page 526 and 527:
a means of acquiring status. Lackin
Page 528 and 529:
498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 537 and 538:
Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
Page 539 and 540:
A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
Page 541 and 542:
Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
Page 543 and 544:
In addition to this ranking system,
Page 545 and 546:
A portrait of three men in Japan dr
Page 547 and 548:
Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
Page 549 and 550:
Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
Page 551 and 552:
style. One should note that at this
Page 553 and 554:
teach the techniques and logic of a
Page 555 and 556:
are launched from very low stances,
Page 557 and 558:
acteristics in regional styles of p
Page 559 and 560:
gion of Indonesia and most of the p
Page 561 and 562:
nese martial arts. The latter theor
Page 563 and 564:
Medieval judicial combat, trial by
Page 565 and 566:
“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
Page 567 and 568:
References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
Page 569 and 570:
The earliest history of the region
Page 571 and 572:
een effected. Struggles between Sia
Page 573 and 574:
tions, silat has been an element of
Page 575 and 576:
An advertisement for Burmese boxing
Page 577 and 578:
and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
Page 579 and 580:
modeled on the spurring talons of t
Page 581 and 582:
Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
Page 583 and 584:
English actor, producer, and direct
Page 585 and 586:
moves, the actors and the choreogra
Page 587 and 588:
a gibbet immediately outside the li
Page 589 and 590:
lades being replaced by an ash stic
Page 591 and 592:
techniques have been part of savate
Page 593 and 594:
tises that stickfighting competitio
Page 595 and 596:
Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
Page 597 and 598:
As a result of the first invasion,
Page 599 and 600:
Zen masters, however, did not thems
Page 601 and 602:
strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
Page 603 and 604:
and actively, defensively and offen
Page 605 and 606:
to stand up against increasingly he
Page 607 and 608:
there were three principal actions
Page 609 and 610:
to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
Page 611 and 612:
the period clearly demonstrates tha
Page 613 and 614:
sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
Page 615 and 616:
the late Renaissance as a personal
Page 617 and 618:
classical fencing and sport fencing
Page 619 and 620:
evolved over more than two thousand
Page 621 and 622:
(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
Page 623 and 624:
A color woodblock print of a duel b
Page 625 and 626:
Another form subscribed to combat s
Page 627 and 628:
tainment that belongs in samurai mo
Page 629 and 630:
Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
Page 631 and 632:
through their perceptions, understa
Page 633 and 634:
T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636:
distinct identity, with a common fo
Page 637 and 638:
Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
Page 639 and 640:
Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
Page 641 and 642:
In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
Page 643 and 644:
ing, as it is successful kicks that
Page 645 and 646:
plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
Page 647 and 648:
emphasis is placed on tournament fi
Page 649 and 650:
Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
Page 651 and 652:
Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
Page 653 and 654:
powerful larger, sweeping, striking
Page 655 and 656:
tablished. The earth’s energy/for
Page 657 and 658:
Choreographed two-person sets are a
Page 659 and 660:
———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
Page 661 and 662:
Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
Page 663 and 664:
Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
Page 665 and 666:
Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
Page 667 and 668:
martial art. As a result, its metho
Page 669 and 670:
Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
Page 671 and 672:
and those warriors who possess this
Page 673 and 674:
Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
Page 675 and 676:
Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
Page 677 and 678:
Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
Page 679 and 680:
in this system. There are three set
Page 681 and 682:
One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
Page 683 and 684:
vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
Page 685 and 686:
1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
Page 687:
senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
Page 690 and 691:
660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
Page 692 and 693:
662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
Page 694 and 695:
664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
Page 696 and 697:
666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
Page 698 and 699:
A depiction of the mighty female wa
Page 700 and 701:
670 Women in the Martial Arts About
Page 702 and 703:
672 Women in the Martial Arts About
Page 704 and 705:
674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
Page 706 and 707:
676 Women in the Martial Arts named
Page 708 and 709:
678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
Page 710 and 711:
680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
Page 712 and 713:
682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
Page 714 and 715:
Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
Page 716 and 717:
Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
Page 718 and 719:
participation and success by women
Page 720 and 721:
A woman in Beijing performing a wus
Page 722 and 723:
692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
Page 728 and 729:
Page 730 and 731:
Page 732 and 733:
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
Page 738 and 739:
708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
Page 740 and 741:
710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
Page 742 and 743:
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Page 748 and 749:
Page 750 and 751:
720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
Page 752 and 753:
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
Page 764 and 765:
Page 766 and 767:
736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
Page 768 and 769:
738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
Page 770 and 771:
740 Wrestling, Professional les and
Page 772 and 773:
742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
Page 774 and 775:
744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
Page 776 and 777:
746 Written Texts: China ual change
Page 778 and 779:
748 Written Texts: China See also B
Page 780 and 781:
750 Written Texts: India of local m
Page 782 and 783:
752 Written Texts: India Beginning
Page 784 and 785:
754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
Page 786 and 787:
756 Written Texts: India skritized
Page 788 and 789:
758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
Page 790 and 791:
Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
Page 792 and 793:
762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
Page 794 and 795:
764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
Page 796 and 797:
766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
Page 798 and 799:
768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
Page 800 and 801:
770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
Page 802 and 803:
772 Written Texts: Japan
Page 805 and 806:
Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
Page 807 and 808:
A student practices xingyiquan at t
Page 809:
Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
Page 812 and 813:
Undated photo of the legendary Gran
Page 814 and 815:
784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
Page 816 and 817:
786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
Page 818 and 819:
About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
Page 820 and 821:
About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
Page 822 and 823:
141 cont. animals themselves, the a
Page 824 and 825:
Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
Page 826 and 827:
Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
Page 828 and 829:
1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
Page 830 and 831:
1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
Page 832 and 833:
About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
Page 834 and 835:
1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
Page 836 and 837:
About 1540 East Asian patent medici
Page 838 and 839:
1570 By doing single backward aeria
Page 840 and 841:
1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
Page 842 and 843:
1671 cont. tradition his discussion
Page 844 and 845:
About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
Page 846 and 847:
1780 cont. though they worked well,
Page 848 and 849:
About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
Page 850 and 851:
1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
Page 852 and 853:
1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
Page 854 and 855:
1911 soldier with patriotic conform
Page 856 and 857:
1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
Page 858 and 859:
1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
Page 862 and 863:
Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
Page 864 and 865:
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
Page 866 and 867:
Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
Page 869 and 870:
AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
Page 871 and 872:
and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874:
Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
Page 875 and 876:
Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
Page 877 and 878:
Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
Page 879 and 880:
Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
Page 881 and 882:
Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884:
Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
Page 885 and 886:
Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
Page 887 and 888:
and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
Page 889 and 890:
and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
Page 891 and 892:
303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
Page 893 and 894:
Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
Page 895 and 896:
Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
Page 897 and 898:
May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
Page 899 and 900:
Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
Page 901 and 902:
Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
Page 903 and 904:
Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
Page 905 and 906:
Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
Page 907 and 908:
Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
Page 909 and 910:
Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
Page 911 and 912:
Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
Page 913 and 914:
and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
Page 915 and 916:
Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
Page 917 and 918:
Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
Page 919 and 920:
Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
Page 921 and 922:
and tournaments, 706 and training,
Page 923 and 924:
Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
Page 925:
About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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