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442 Political Conflict and the Martial Arts See also Africa and African America; Capoeira; China; Folklore in the Martial Arts; Korea; Okinawa; Silat; Southeast Asia; Taekwondo; Vovinam Viet Vo Dao; Yongchun (Wing Chun) References Almeida, Bira. 1986. Capoeira, a Brazilian Art Form: History, Philosophy, and Practice. 2d ed. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. Bishop, Mark. 1996. Zen Kobudô: Mysteries of Okinawan Weaponry and Te. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle. Green, Thomas A. 1976. “Folk History and Cultural Reorganization: A Tigua Example.” Journal of American Folklore 89: 310–318. ———. 1997. “Historical Narrative in the Martial Arts: A Case Study.” In Usable Pasts: Traditions and Group Identities in North America. Edited by Tad Tuleja. Logan: Utah State University Press. Hobsbawm, Eric, and Terence Ranger, eds. 1985. The Invention of Tradition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hudson, Charles. 1966. “Folk History and Ethnohistory.” Ethnohistory 13: 52–57. Kim, Richard. 1974. Weaponless Warriors: An Informal History of Okinawan Karate. Burbank, CA: Ohara. Lewis, J. Lowell. 1992. Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian Capoeira. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. McCarthy, Patrick, ed. and trans. 1995. Bubishi: The Bible of Karate. Rutland, VT: Tuttle. Naquin, Susan. 1976. Millenarian Rebellion in China: The Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813. New Haven: Yale University Press. Park, Yeon-Hee, Yean-Hwan Park, and Joe Gerrard. 1989. Taekwondo. New York: Facts on File. Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven: Yale University Press. Vansina, Jan. 1985. Oral Tradition as History. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Wallace, Anthony F. C. 1956. “Revitalization Movements.” American Anthropologist 58: 264–281.
Qi See Ki/Qi Q 443
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
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improve their arsenal of weapons us
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fact, some of these weapons were co
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The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
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Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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for I strongly object to formality,
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searched and experimented with othe
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Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
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In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
Page 411 and 412: took it upon themselves to promote
Page 413 and 414: Castilian court. Before he could co
Page 415 and 416: William, and St. George of the Peli
Page 417 and 418: cieties. One order—that of the Sh
Page 419 and 420: order in 1344, there can be little
Page 421: minion or domain, the monarchical o
Page 424 and 425: 404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
Page 426 and 427: 406 Pacific Islands was developed f
Page 428 and 429: 408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
Page 430 and 431: 410 Pankration References Balent, M
Page 432 and 433: 412 Pankration feet were permitted.
Page 434 and 435: 414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
Page 436 and 437: 416 Pankration With the explosion o
Page 438 and 439: An opera singer in full costume wav
Page 440 and 441: 420 Performing Arts can be impossib
Page 442 and 443: 422 Philippines now internationally
Page 444 and 445: Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
Page 446 and 447: 426 Philippines his people. Althoug
Page 448 and 449: 428 Philippines Also in the first c
Page 450 and 451: 430 Philippines While the sixth cat
Page 452 and 453: 432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
Page 454 and 455: 434 Philippines Besides reasons of
Page 456 and 457: A painting of a burning station and
Page 458 and 459: A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
Page 460 and 461: 440 Political Conflict and the Mart
Page 465: Martial Arts of the World
Page 468 and 469: Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
Page 470 and 471: vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
Page 473: A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
Page 476 and 477: Taekwondo students wear colored bel
Page 478 and 479: for every battle, but whenever a ma
Page 480 and 481: century the cross was introduced wh
Page 482 and 483: the mobilization of an expedition t
Page 484 and 485: desire of Christian princes to main
Page 486 and 487: The martial arts probably more ofte
Page 488 and 489: Shaolin Monastery, established in A
Page 490 and 491: ing on boxing to try to bring it up
Page 492 and 493: See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
Page 494 and 495: An Indian miniature of the defeat o
Page 496 and 497: In terms of formalized religious pr
Page 498 and 499: from these austerities is thought t
Page 500 and 501: Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
Page 502 and 503: Religion and Spiritual Development:
Page 504 and 505: tention to the relationships among
Page 506 and 507: from firsthand knowledge of their o
Page 508 and 509: spread throughout the world. It rea
Page 510 and 511: ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
Page 530 and 531:
Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
Page 537 and 538:
Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
Page 545 and 546:
A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
Page 549 and 550:
Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
Page 555 and 556:
are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
Page 563 and 564:
Medieval judicial combat, trial by
Page 565 and 566:
“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
Page 567 and 568:
References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
Page 569 and 570:
The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
Page 573 and 574:
tions, silat has been an element of
Page 575 and 576:
An advertisement for Burmese boxing
Page 577 and 578:
and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
Page 579 and 580:
modeled on the spurring talons of t
Page 581 and 582:
Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
Page 583 and 584:
English actor, producer, and direct
Page 585 and 586:
moves, the actors and the choreogra
Page 587 and 588:
a gibbet immediately outside the li
Page 589 and 590:
lades being replaced by an ash stic
Page 591 and 592:
techniques have been part of savate
Page 593 and 594:
tises that stickfighting competitio
Page 595 and 596:
Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
Page 597 and 598:
As a result of the first invasion,
Page 599 and 600:
Zen masters, however, did not thems
Page 601 and 602:
strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
Page 603 and 604:
and actively, defensively and offen
Page 605 and 606:
to stand up against increasingly he
Page 607 and 608:
there were three principal actions
Page 609 and 610:
to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
Page 611 and 612:
the period clearly demonstrates tha
Page 613 and 614:
sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
Page 615 and 616:
the late Renaissance as a personal
Page 617 and 618:
classical fencing and sport fencing
Page 619 and 620:
evolved over more than two thousand
Page 621 and 622:
(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
Page 623 and 624:
A color woodblock print of a duel b
Page 625 and 626:
Another form subscribed to combat s
Page 627 and 628:
tainment that belongs in samurai mo
Page 629 and 630:
Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
Page 631 and 632:
through their perceptions, understa
Page 633 and 634:
T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636:
distinct identity, with a common fo
Page 637 and 638:
Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
Page 639 and 640:
Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
Page 641 and 642:
In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
Page 643 and 644:
ing, as it is successful kicks that
Page 645 and 646:
plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
Page 647 and 648:
emphasis is placed on tournament fi
Page 649 and 650:
Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
Page 651 and 652:
Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
Page 653 and 654:
powerful larger, sweeping, striking
Page 655 and 656:
tablished. The earth’s energy/for
Page 657 and 658:
Choreographed two-person sets are a
Page 659 and 660:
———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
Page 661 and 662:
Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
Page 663 and 664:
Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
Page 665 and 666:
Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
Page 667 and 668:
martial art. As a result, its metho
Page 669 and 670:
Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
Page 671 and 672:
and those warriors who possess this
Page 673 and 674:
Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
Page 675 and 676:
Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
Page 677 and 678:
Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
Page 679 and 680:
in this system. There are three set
Page 681 and 682:
One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
Page 683 and 684:
vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
Page 685 and 686:
1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
Page 687:
senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
Page 690 and 691:
660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
Page 692 and 693:
662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
Page 694 and 695:
664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
Page 696 and 697:
666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
Page 698 and 699:
A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
Page 704 and 705:
674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
Page 706 and 707:
676 Women in the Martial Arts named
Page 708 and 709:
678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
Page 710 and 711:
680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
Page 712 and 713:
682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
Page 714 and 715:
Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
Page 716 and 717:
Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
Page 718 and 719:
participation and success by women
Page 720 and 721:
A woman in Beijing performing a wus
Page 722 and 723:
692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
Page 728 and 729:
Page 730 and 731:
Page 732 and 733:
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
Page 738 and 739:
708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
Page 740 and 741:
710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
Page 742 and 743:
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Page 748 and 749:
Page 750 and 751:
720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
Page 752 and 753:
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
Page 764 and 765:
Page 766 and 767:
736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
Page 768 and 769:
738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
Page 770 and 771:
740 Wrestling, Professional les and
Page 772 and 773:
742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
Page 774 and 775:
744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
Page 776 and 777:
746 Written Texts: China ual change
Page 778 and 779:
748 Written Texts: China See also B
Page 780 and 781:
750 Written Texts: India of local m
Page 782 and 783:
752 Written Texts: India Beginning
Page 784 and 785:
754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
Page 786 and 787:
756 Written Texts: India skritized
Page 788 and 789:
758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
Page 790 and 791:
Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
Page 792 and 793:
762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
Page 794 and 795:
764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
Page 796 and 797:
766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
Page 798 and 799:
768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
Page 800 and 801:
770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
Page 802 and 803:
772 Written Texts: Japan
Page 805 and 806:
Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
Page 807 and 808:
A student practices xingyiquan at t
Page 809:
Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
Page 812 and 813:
Undated photo of the legendary Gran
Page 814 and 815:
784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
Page 816 and 817:
786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
Page 818 and 819:
About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
Page 820 and 821:
About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
Page 822 and 823:
141 cont. animals themselves, the a
Page 824 and 825:
Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
Page 826 and 827:
Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
Page 828 and 829:
1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
Page 830 and 831:
1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
Page 832 and 833:
About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
Page 834 and 835:
1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
Page 836 and 837:
About 1540 East Asian patent medici
Page 838 and 839:
1570 By doing single backward aeria
Page 840 and 841:
1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
Page 842 and 843:
1671 cont. tradition his discussion
Page 844 and 845:
About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
Page 846 and 847:
1780 cont. though they worked well,
Page 848 and 849:
About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
Page 850 and 851:
1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
Page 852 and 853:
1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
Page 854 and 855:
1911 soldier with patriotic conform
Page 856 and 857:
1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
Page 858 and 859:
1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
Page 862 and 863:
Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
Page 864 and 865:
Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
Page 866 and 867:
Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
Page 869 and 870:
AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
Page 871 and 872:
and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874:
Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
Page 875 and 876:
Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
Page 877 and 878:
Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
Page 879 and 880:
Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
Page 881 and 882:
Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884:
Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
Page 885 and 886:
Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
Page 887 and 888:
and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
Page 889 and 890:
and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
Page 891 and 892:
303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
Page 893 and 894:
Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
Page 895 and 896:
Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
Page 897 and 898:
May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
Page 899 and 900:
Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
Page 901 and 902:
Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
Page 903 and 904:
Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
Page 905 and 906:
Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
Page 907 and 908:
Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
Page 909 and 910:
Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
Page 911 and 912:
Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
Page 913 and 914:
and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
Page 915 and 916:
Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
Page 917 and 918:
Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
Page 919 and 920:
Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
Page 921 and 922:
and tournaments, 706 and training,
Page 923 and 924:
Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
Page 925:
About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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