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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Master’s Manual of Pa Kua Chang. Pacific Grove, CA: Ching Lung Martial Arts Association. Johnson, Jerry, and Joseph Crandall. 1986. Classical Pa Kua Chang Fighting Systems and Weapons. Pinole, CA: Smiling Tiger Martial Arts. Liang, Shou-Yu, Yang Jwing-Ming, and Wu Wen-ching. 1994. Emei Baguazhang: Theory and Applications. Jamaica Plains, MA: Yang Martial Arts Association. Smith, Robert W. 1967. Pa Kua: Chinese Boxing for Fitness and Defense. Tokyo: Kodansha International. Sugarwara, Tetsutaka, and Xing Lujian. 1996. Aikido and Chinese Martial Arts. 2 vols. Tokyo: Kodansha International. Bandô See Thaing Banshay See Thaing Bersilat See Silat Boxing, Chinese Chinese boxing is a versatile form of bare-handed fighting, variously combining strikes with the hands, kicks and other leg maneuvers, grappling, holds, and throws. Piecing together the scattered passages in ancient writings, one can reasonably conclude that the origins of Chinese boxing go back as far as the Xia dynasty (twenty-first to sixteenth centuries B.C.), making it one of the oldest elements of Chinese culture still practiced. Originally called bo (striking), it was a skill practiced among China’s early ruling classes, when strength and bravery were characteristics admired in leaders. There are even references to some of these leaders grappling with wild beasts. There are also descriptions of individuals skilled in empty-handed techniques against edged weapons. Thus, boxing appears generally to have been considered a life-and-death combat skill that supplemented weapons, although there are indications that it was treated as a sport in some circumstances. However, about 209 B.C., the first emperor of Qin designated wrestling as the official ceremonial military sport. Then, for the first time, commentaries in the Han History Bibliographies (ca. A.D. 90) clearly distinguish between boxing and wrestling. This work lists six chapters (no longer extant) on boxing, shoubo (hand striking) as it was then called. Boxing is described under the subcategory “military skills,” alongside archery,
fencing, and even a form of football, for “practice in using the hands and feet, facilitating the use of weapons, and organizing to ensure victory in both attack and defense” (Gu 1987, 205). So by the Warring States period (475–221 B.C.), boxing had become a basic military skill to develop strength and agility for use of weapons in hand-to-hand combat by the mass infantry forces of that time. After the Southern Song capital was established at Hangzhou in 1135, the modern term quan (fist) appears and replaces shoubo as the common term for boxing. This seemingly abrupt change may have been based on common usage in the dialect spoken in the new capital. Some support for this view can be found in a later work by Zhu Guozhen (ca. 1621), who notes that boxing was more commonly known as daquan in his day (the term introduced during the Song period and still used today), but was called dashou (hitting hands) around Suzhou. One contemporary Song author describes shiquan (employing the fists) as different from wrestling but similar to the skills used in the military. He thus infers that there was a popular form of boxing, similar to but not quite the same as that practiced in the military. This statement was probably based on the fact that military boxing was limited to practical, no-frills techniques employed in military formations, primarily to supplement the use of weapons, while the popular forms were likely to have been more individualistic and performance oriented, in the manner Ming general Qi Jiguang (1528–1587) condemned as “flowery.” During the short, oppressive Mongol rule (1206–1368) that followed the Song, Chinese (called Hanren) were prohibited from practicing martial arts, but opera scores from the period reveal that boxing was included in military scenes of the operatic repertoire. This dramatic use of boxing undoubtedly encouraged the “flowery” phenomenon General Qi noted. The Ming period (1368–1644) opens the first window in China’s long history through which to get an illustrated glimpse of Chinese boxing. The Ming experienced a chronic rash of large-scale Japanese and indigenous marauding and piracy in the southern coastal provinces during the mid-sixteenth century—an environment conducive to the application of traditional military martial arts. The ultimate solution came in the form of a well-led, disciplined volunteer peasant force trained in hand-to-hand combat by General Qi Jiguang and others. The existence of such a force in turn demanded a bottom-up training program supported by standardized, illustrated, easy-to-understand manuals that set an example and contributed greatly to what we now know about the martial arts in general and boxing in particular. General Qi Jiguang’s “Boxing Classic,” a chapter in his New Book of Effective Discipline (ca. 1561), not only provides illustrations of the thirty-two forms Qi selected from the most well-known styles of the Boxing, Chinese 27
Page 1: Martial Arts of the World
Page 4 and 5: Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
Page 6 and 7: vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
Page 9 and 10: Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
Page 11 and 12: Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
Page 13: Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
Page 16 and 17: xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
Page 18 and 19: xviii Introduction References Frida
Page 21 and 22: Africa and African America Although
Page 23 and 24: a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
Page 25 and 26: the competitors. In this respect, t
Page 27 and 28: Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
Page 29 and 30: Many African combat systems relied
Page 31 and 32: as a result of similar circumstance
Page 33 and 34: eturn strike; rather, the practitio
Page 35 and 36: Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
Page 37 and 38: The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
Page 39 and 40: A young woman aims at a barrel of s
Page 41: See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
Page 44 and 45: Baguazhang is closely associated wi
Page 48 and 49: Chinese children in a martial arts
Page 50 and 51: A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
Page 52 and 53: 32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
Page 54 and 55: A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
Page 56 and 57: Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
Page 58 and 59: 38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
Page 60 and 61: 40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
Page 62 and 63: 42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
Page 64 and 65: 44 Boxing, European See also Animal
Page 66 and 67: 46 Boxing, European marked the end
Page 68 and 69: 48 Boxing, European If there is one
Page 70 and 71: 50 Boxing, European practicality an
Page 72 and 73: 52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
Page 74 and 75: 54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
Page 76 and 77: 56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
Page 78 and 79: 58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
Page 81 and 82: Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
Page 83 and 84: quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
Page 85 and 86: early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
Page 87 and 88: The entries on archery, straight sw
Page 89 and 90: Contemporary literature provides a
Page 91 and 92: eral policies in recent years have
Page 93 and 94: Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
Page 95 and 96: A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
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improve their arsenal of weapons us
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fact, some of these weapons were co
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The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
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Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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for I strongly object to formality,
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searched and experimented with othe
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Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
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In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Page 532 and 533:
Page 534 and 535:
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Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
Page 555 and 556:
are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
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“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
Page 569 and 570:
The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
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modeled on the spurring talons of t
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Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
Page 583 and 584:
English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
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a gibbet immediately outside the li
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lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
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Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
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As a result of the first invasion,
Page 599 and 600:
Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
Page 603 and 604:
and actively, defensively and offen
Page 605 and 606:
to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
Page 613 and 614:
sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
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the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
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A color woodblock print of a duel b
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Another form subscribed to combat s
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tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
Page 633 and 634:
T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
Page 635 and 636:
distinct identity, with a common fo
Page 637 and 638:
Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
Page 639 and 640:
Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
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ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
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Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
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powerful larger, sweeping, striking
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tablished. The earth’s energy/for
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Choreographed two-person sets are a
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———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
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Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
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Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
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Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
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martial art. As a result, its metho
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Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
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and those warriors who possess this
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Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
Page 675 and 676:
Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
Page 677 and 678:
Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
Page 679 and 680:
in this system. There are three set
Page 681 and 682:
One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
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vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
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1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
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senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
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660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
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666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
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678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
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682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
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Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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Page 748 and 749:
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
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746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
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752 Written Texts: India Beginning
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754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
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756 Written Texts: India skritized
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758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
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762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
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766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
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768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
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772 Written Texts: Japan
Page 805 and 806:
Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
Page 807 and 808:
A student practices xingyiquan at t
Page 809:
Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
Page 812 and 813:
Undated photo of the legendary Gran
Page 814 and 815:
784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
Page 816 and 817:
786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
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About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
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About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
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141 cont. animals themselves, the a
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Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
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1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
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1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
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About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
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About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
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1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
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1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
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Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
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Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
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AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
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and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874:
Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
Page 875 and 876:
Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
Page 877 and 878:
Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
Page 879 and 880:
Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
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Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884:
Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
Page 885 and 886:
Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
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and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
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and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
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303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
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Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
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Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
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May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
Page 899 and 900:
Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
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Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
Page 903 and 904:
Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
Page 905 and 906:
Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
Page 907 and 908:
Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
Page 909 and 910:
Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
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Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
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and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
Page 915 and 916:
Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
Page 917 and 918:
Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
Page 919 and 920:
Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
Page 921 and 922:
and tournaments, 706 and training,
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Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
Page 925:
About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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