Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
392 Orders of Knighthood, Secular this type: the Castilian Order of Santiago, founded in 1170 on the general model of the Order of the Temple, and the Bavarian Company of the Cloister of Ettal, founded by the emperor Ludwig IV in the 1330s and apparently dissolved shortly after his death in 1347. The latter, however, probably served as an inspiration for the more conventional princely-confraternal order of the Grail-Templars. The curial orders were the most important military and noble societies restricted to laymen in the history of Latin Christendom, the only ones to survive the Reformation, and the only ones to exist in any numbers today. The first society of the curial class as a whole to be founded was a princely confraternal order, the Hungarian Society of St. George, established in 1325 by King Károly I. It was given most of the features typical of the contemporary confraternity and lacked only a formal presidential office to make it a true monarchical order as well. As it was the first order designed to bind lay knights or nobles to a royal or princely patron and put chivalry into the service of the state, it cannot be surprising that the Society of St. George was endowed with a number of features peculiar to it, in addition to the lack of a monarchical presidency. Several other orders of this type were founded by or under the influence of princes, the most notable of which were the Order of St. Catherine in the Dauphiny of Viennois (1330/40), the Company of St. George of the Grail-Templars in the Duchy of Austria (1337), the Order of the Hound in the Duchy of Bar (1422), the Company of Our Lady (of the Swan) in the Electoral Marquisate of Brandenburg (in its earliest form, 1440), and the Order of the Crescent in the Duchy of Anjou (1448). The last, in particular, differed from the existing monarchical orders outside Germany exclusively in lacking a monarchical presidency. Although they too were confraternities, the earliest true monarchical orders drew their inspiration from the religious orders of knights and the lay orders depicted in the Arthurian cycle of romances. Indeed, only because the form of the religious order was inappropriate for their purposes and the fictional orders lacked any clearly described statutes, the founders of the earliest orders adopted the confraternal structures familiar to them from their own time and easily adaptable to their purposes. In fact, the inventor of the fully realized monarchical order, Alfonso XI of Castile and Leon, took from the confraternal model little more than the idea of an annual meeting, and his Order of the Band, proclaimed in 1330, was essentially a wholly lay equivalent of the military religious orders in which his kingdom abounded. Edward III of England, who founded the second such order, may well have intended to follow Alfonso’s example in his initial plan to revive the Round Table Company announced in 1344 on the return of his cousin Henry “of Grosmont,” count of Lancaster, from a long sojourn at the
Castilian court. Before he could complete that project, however, he was distracted by the need to prosecute his claim to the French throne in the campaign that ended with the triumph of English arms at Crécy and Calais. In the meantime, he had almost certainly learned of the plans of his rival, Jehan, duke of Normandy (son of King Philippe VI), to found what was meant to be a confraternity of two hundred knights dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and St. George. The latter project, possibly modeled on the princely confraternal Order of St. Catherine recently founded in the Dauphiny of Viennois, served as the principal model for all of the later foundations. On his return to England, Edward founded, in place of the new Round Table that was to have been established there with three hundred knights, a more modest confraternity of twenty-six knights supporting twenty-six priests and (in theory) twenty-six poor veteran knights, dedicated to St. George alone—the traditional patron of English arms. Although its formal name, the Order of St. George, was taken in the traditional confraternal fashion from that of its patron saint, its secondary name, the Order, Society, or Company of the Garter, was taken from its badge, which probably represented the belt of knighthood and was probably inspired by the badge of the Order of the Band. Two years later Jehan of Normandy, having succeeded his father as King Jehan II of France, finally established his own projected confraternity. This took essentially the same form as its English rival, but was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin alone under the new title Our Lady of the Noble House. Like the Castilian and English orders, however, its name in ordinary usage, the Company of the Star, was taken from its badge. In the following year, Loysi (or Lodovico), king consort of peninsular Sicily or Naples, founded another order even more closely modeled on that of his French cousin, the Company (or Order) of the Holy Spirit of Right Desire, commonly called from its badge the Order of the Knot. Thus, by 1352 the full confraternal model had become the norm for monarchical orders, although the identification of the order with its badge rather than its patron or its seat prevailed. By the same date, the monarchical order itself had become an adjunct of the courts of the leading monarchs of Latin Christendom, though it remained exceptional among royal courts in general, and unknown in Germanophone lands. The practice of maintaining such an order was adopted in the royal court of Cyprus in 1359 (when Pierre I made the Order of the Sword he had founded earlier a royal order) and in that of the Aragonese domain at some time between 1370 and 1380 (when Pere “the Ceremonious” founded the rather obscure but apparently deviant Enterprise of St. George). In the meantime, however, the practice had spread to the court of several princes of less than regal rank. Amé VI de Savoie, count of Savoy and Orders of Knighthood, Secular 393
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392 Orders of Knighthood, Secular<br />
this type: the Castilian Order of Santiago, founded in 1170 on the general<br />
model of the Order of the Temple, and the Bavarian Company of the Cloister<br />
of Ettal, founded by the emperor Ludwig IV in the 1330s and apparently<br />
dissolved shortly after his death in 1347. <strong>The</strong> latter, however, probably<br />
served as an inspiration for the more conventional princely-confraternal order<br />
of the Grail-Templars.<br />
<strong>The</strong> curial orders were the most important military and noble societies<br />
restricted to laymen in the history of Latin Christendom, the only ones to<br />
survive the Reformation, and the only ones to exist in any numbers today.<br />
<strong>The</strong> first society of the curial class as a whole to be founded was a<br />
princely confraternal order, the Hungarian Society of St. George, established<br />
in 1325 by King Károly I. It was given most of the features typical of the contemporary<br />
confraternity and lacked only a formal presidential office to make<br />
it a true monarchical order as well. As it was the first order designed to bind<br />
lay knights or nobles to a royal or princely patron and put chivalry into the<br />
service of the state, it cannot be surprising that the Society of St. George was<br />
endowed with a number of features peculiar to it, in addition to the lack of<br />
a monarchical presidency. Several other orders of this type were founded by<br />
or under the influence of princes, the most notable of which were the Order<br />
of St. Catherine in the Dauphiny of Viennois (1330/40), the Company of St.<br />
George of the Grail-Templars in the Duchy of Austria (1337), the Order of<br />
the Hound in the Duchy of Bar (1422), the Company of Our Lady (of the<br />
Swan) in the Electoral Marquisate of Brandenburg (in its earliest form,<br />
1440), and the Order of the Crescent in the Duchy of Anjou (1448). <strong>The</strong> last,<br />
in particular, differed from the existing monarchical orders outside Germany<br />
exclusively in lacking a monarchical presidency.<br />
Although they too were confraternities, the earliest true monarchical<br />
orders drew their inspiration from the religious orders of knights and the<br />
lay orders depicted in the Arthurian cycle of romances. Indeed, only because<br />
the form of the religious order was inappropriate for their purposes<br />
and the fictional orders lacked any clearly described statutes, the founders<br />
of the earliest orders adopted the confraternal structures familiar to them<br />
from their own time and easily adaptable to their purposes. In fact, the inventor<br />
of the fully realized monarchical order, Alfonso XI of Castile and<br />
Leon, took from the confraternal model little more than the idea of an annual<br />
meeting, and his Order of the Band, proclaimed in 1330, was essentially<br />
a wholly lay equivalent of the military religious orders in which his<br />
kingdom abounded.<br />
Edward III of England, who founded the second such order, may well<br />
have intended to follow Alfonso’s example in his initial plan to revive the<br />
Round Table Company announced in 1344 on the return of his cousin<br />
Henry “of Grosmont,” count of Lancaster, from a long sojourn at the