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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread widely overseas as part of a larger international fascination with martial arts. Consequently, ninjutsu has been incorporated widely into action novels and films set in locations worldwide and has even lost its Japanese character, as American kids and even cartoon character turtles have been cast as ninja. The ninja has become a thoroughly romanticized and orientalized figure in contemporary global culture. Early History of Ninjutsu Ninjutsu ryûha texts maintain legends about its origins, but scholars consider them to be highly inaccurate. It seems probable that techniques of spying and scouting, gathering information for purposes of waging war, were introduced in the seventh and eighth centuries—most likely in organized form through the Chinese military classic by Sunzi (ca. 300–237 B.C.), The Art of War. Prince Shôtoku is said to have been the first to employ someone as a shinobi in the defeat of the Mononobe in 587. Others suggest that yamabushi (mountain ascetics) who were practitioners of shugendô—a syncretic form of Shintô-Buddhist belief focusing on the worship of mountains—may be the progenitors of later ninjutsu. In general, early accounts of ninja activities are unsubstantiated. As the scale of battles increased and war bands became better organized in medieval times, the need for spies and unconventional tactics became critical. In the early fourteenth century, for example, Kusunoki Masashige is said to have relied on ninjalike activities. He reputedly employed Iga ninja to steal into Kyoto to discern the military situation. Moreover, in defense of his fortress, Masashige placed lifelike dolls on the battlements to make his troops appear more numerous. His skills in guerilla warfare led later schools of ninjutsu to claim connection with Masashige. After the Ônin War (1467–1477) and the spread of warfare throughout Japan, various daimyo (regional warlords) began to employ ninja as spies on a regular basis to assist them in expanding their domains. Although ninjutsu ultimately spread from the capital region to central and eastern Japan, local village samurai families in Iga and Kôga (plains areas surrounded by mountains on the border of Iga and Ômi provinces) primarily developed the techniques. By the late fifteenth century there were reputedly fifty-three Kôga and two Iga ninja houses, the leading families being the Hattori and two of that house’s offshoots, the Fujibayashi and Momochi. Among the daimyo who employed ninja for their skills in espionage were Takeda Shingen, Uesugi Kenshin, and Hôjô Ujiyasu. In the Battle of Magari in Ômi province in 1487, Rokaku Takayori sent ninja into the camp of the besieging Ashikaga bakufu army, where they set fire to the headquarters and forced the withdrawal of Ashikaga troops. It was through such deeds that the reputation of ninja spread among the daimyo
of Japan. With the destruction of the Iga and Kôga territories by Oda Nobunaga in 1581, many of the local warriors fled to daimyo in eastern Japan, thus further spreading the knowledge of ninjutsu. The daimyo most closely connected with the use of ninja was Tokugawa Ieyasu, first shôgun of the Tokugawa bakufu established in 1603. The connection dated back two generations, to the time when his grandfather, Matsudaira Kiyoyasu, employed several hundred Iga ninja under Hattori Hanzô Yasunaga. When Akechi Mitsuhide’s troops assassinated Oda A nineteenth-century Japanese woodcut depicting a samurai initiated in ninjutsu, the martial art of invisibility, Ninja Museum, Ueno, Japan. The initiates are also known as ninja. (Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY) Ninjutsu 357
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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winds that blew the invading armada
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would be punished. The kenka ryô s
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improve their arsenal of weapons us
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fact, some of these weapons were co
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The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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Berry, Marry Elizabeth. 1994. The C
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Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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for I strongly object to formality,
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searched and experimented with othe
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Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
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In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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the “all-pervading” jûdô prin
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Naturally, it was immediately compa
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(jûdô practitioner). Older system
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———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
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220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
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224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
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228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
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232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
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236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
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238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
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240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
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242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
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244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
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248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
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250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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252 Kendô only noted fencers from
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254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Japanese men and women practicing K
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258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
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260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
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262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
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264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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268 Knights vided with support in t
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270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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272 Knights hope of being knighted
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274 Knights acquire dominions and f
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276 Knights which time the tourname
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278 Knights their own troop and fou
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280 Knights Germany were probably f
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282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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284 Knights From the beginning of t
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286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
Page 326 and 327: 306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
Page 328: Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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Page 335: Two young women demonstrate Chinese
Page 338 and 339: 318 Masters of Defence and-death en
Page 340 and 341: 320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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Page 348 and 349: 328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
Page 350 and 351: 330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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Page 354 and 355: 334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
Page 356 and 357: A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
Page 358 and 359: 338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
Page 360 and 361: 340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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Page 366 and 367: Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
Page 368 and 369: 348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
Page 370 and 371: 350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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Page 374 and 375: 354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
Page 378 and 379: 358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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Page 383 and 384: Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
Page 385 and 386: Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
Page 387 and 388: source in Okinawa. The family opera
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Page 413 and 414: Castilian court. Before he could co
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Page 424 and 425: 404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
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are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
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“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
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The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
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modeled on the spurring talons of t
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Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
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English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
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a gibbet immediately outside the li
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lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
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Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
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As a result of the first invasion,
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Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
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and actively, defensively and offen
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to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
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sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
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the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
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A color woodblock print of a duel b
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Another form subscribed to combat s
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tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
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T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
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distinct identity, with a common fo
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Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
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Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
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ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
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Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
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powerful larger, sweeping, striking
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tablished. The earth’s energy/for
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Choreographed two-person sets are a
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———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
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Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
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Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
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Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
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martial art. As a result, its metho
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Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
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and those warriors who possess this
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Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
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Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
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Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
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in this system. There are three set
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One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
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vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
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1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
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senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
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660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
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666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
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678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
Page 712 and 713:
682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
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Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
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746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
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752 Written Texts: India Beginning
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754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
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756 Written Texts: India skritized
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758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
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762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
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766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
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768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
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772 Written Texts: Japan
Page 805 and 806:
Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
Page 807 and 808:
A student practices xingyiquan at t
Page 809:
Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
Page 812 and 813:
Undated photo of the legendary Gran
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784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
Page 816 and 817:
786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
Page 818 and 819:
About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
Page 820 and 821:
About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
Page 822 and 823:
141 cont. animals themselves, the a
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Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
Page 830 and 831:
1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
Page 832 and 833:
About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
Page 834 and 835:
1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
Page 836 and 837:
About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
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About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
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1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
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1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
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Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
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Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
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AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
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and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874:
Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
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Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
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Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
Page 879 and 880:
Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
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Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
Page 883 and 884:
Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
Page 885 and 886:
Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
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and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
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and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
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303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
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Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
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Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
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May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
Page 899 and 900:
Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
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Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
Page 903 and 904:
Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
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Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
Page 907 and 908:
Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
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Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
Page 911 and 912:
Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
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and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
Page 915 and 916:
Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
Page 917 and 918:
Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
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Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
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and tournaments, 706 and training,
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Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
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About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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