Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
326 Masters of Defence the classic Western approach to learning, modern practitioners can examine methods of the Masters of Defence from their own words and pictures. The old schools of the Noble Science, as the martial art of fencing became known, relied on time-honored lessons of battlefield and street duel, but due to historical and social forces (e.g., introduction of firearms and industrialization) the traditional teachings of European masters fell out of common use. With each generation, fewer students arrived, and the old experts died off. As a fighting tradition in Europe, the Renaissance martial arts that had descended from those of medieval warriors became virtually extinct, and no direct lineage back to historical teachings or traditional instructors exists. Later centuries in Europe saw only limited and narrow application of swords and traditional arms, which survived to become martial sports. What survives today of the older teachings in the modern poised sport of fencing is only a shadow, which bears little resemblance to its Renaissance street-fighting predecessor and is far removed from its martial origins in the early Middle Ages. Although, unlike many Asian arts, no true schools survive, many enthusiasts are hard at work reconstructing European martial traditions. Through the efforts of modern practitioners studying the works of the masters and training with replica weapons, the heritage of the Masters of Defence is slowly being recovered. John Clements See also Chivalry; Europe; Knights; Swordsmanship, European Medieval; Swordsmanship, European Renaissance; Wrestling and Grappling: Europe References Anglo, Sydney. 1988. “How to Kill a Man at Your Ease: Chivalry in the Renaissance.” Antiquaries Journal 67: 1–4. ———. 1989. “How to Win at Tournaments: The Techniques of Chivalric Combat.” Antiquaries Journal 68: 248–264. Aylward, J. D. 1956. The English Master of Arms, from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Centuries. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Castle, Egerton. 1969. Schools and Masters of Fence: From the Middle Ages to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Reprint, London: Arms and Armour Press. Chronik alter Kampfkünst: Zeichnungen und Texte aus Schriften alter Meister, entsanden 1443–1674. 1997. Berlin: Weinmann. Clements, John. 1998. Medieval Swordsmanship: Illustrated Techniques and Methods. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. ———. 1997. Renaissance Swordsmanship: The Illustrated Use of Rapiers and Cut and Thrust Swords. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press. di Grassi, Giacomo. 1594. His True Arte of Defence. London: I. G. Gentleman. Galas, S. Matthew. 1997. “Kindred Spirits: The Art of Sword in Germany and Japan.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 6, no. 3: 20–47. Hutton, Alfred. 1892. Old Swordplay: The System of Fence in Vogue during the XVIth, XVIIth, and XVIIIth Centuries, with Lessons Arranged from the Works of Various Ancient Masters. London: H. Grevel.
———. 1980. The Sword and the Centuries: or, Old Sword Days and Old Sword Ways. 1901. Reprint, Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle. Meyer, Joachim. 1570. Grundliche Beschreibung der Freyaen, Ritterlichen und Adelichen Kunst des Fechten. Strasbourg. Rapisardi, Giovanni. 1998 [1410]. Fiore de’ Liberi Flos Duellatorum: In armis, sine armis, equester et pedester. Padua, Italy: Gladitoria. Silver, George. 1599. Paradoxes of Defence. London: Edward Blount. Swetnam, Joseph. 1617. The Schoole of the Noble and Worthy Science of Defence. London. Turner, Craig, and Tony Soper. 1990. Methods and Practice of Elizabethan Swordplay. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Medicine, Traditional Chinese Editorial note: Bracketed number codes in this entry refer to the list of ideograms that follows. Most scholars agree that the origin of Chinese civilization occurred in the Yellow River Valley of central China over 5,000 years ago. Stone antecedents to modern metal acupuncture needles have been dated to as much as 20,000 years old. In modern times, vestiges of Chinese culture persist throughout and beyond China. As is natural for all living things, these have mutated and adapted to foreign environments. Through cross-cultural comparison it is apparent that current Chinese culture retains a remarkable number of features from ancient times. Chinese culture has always maintained both a strong conservative function and a powerful evolutionary drive. This conservative function is responsible for the durability of ancient cultural traditions, and the innate cultural drive for progress has transformed these traditions into useful contemporary tools. Two Chinese disciplines that have received the attention of the non- Chinese world as well as the renewed attention of modern China are traditional Chinese medicine and martial arts. In the popular view—as demonstrated in film, literature, and even the advertisements of martial arts schools—martial arts and medicine are linked together. In fact, there is a profound convergence of medicine and martial arts in traditional Chinese culture. Both share a common cultural and philosophical foundation. Both are elite traditions. And both contribute to the common social goal of maintaining and restoring the health of the culture. Medicine Medicine, or more generally healing, is a feature of all societies. The healing arts are society’s intermediary between Nature and human beings. The way that a society views Nature will determine how it attempts to achieve health and balance. The most ancient records of Chinese medicine reveal that the Medicine, Traditional Chinese 327
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326 Masters of Defence<br />
the classic Western approach to learning, modern practitioners can examine<br />
methods of the Masters of Defence from their own words and pictures.<br />
<strong>The</strong> old schools of the Noble Science, as the martial art of fencing became<br />
known, relied on time-honored lessons of battlefield and street duel,<br />
but due to historical and social forces (e.g., introduction of firearms and industrialization)<br />
the traditional teachings of European masters fell out of<br />
common use. With each generation, fewer students arrived, and the old experts<br />
died off. As a fighting tradition in Europe, the Renaissance martial<br />
arts that had descended from those of medieval warriors became virtually<br />
extinct, and no direct lineage back to historical teachings or traditional instructors<br />
exists. Later centuries in Europe saw only limited and narrow application<br />
of swords and traditional arms, which survived to become martial<br />
sports. What survives today of the older teachings in the modern poised<br />
sport of fencing is only a shadow, which bears little resemblance to its Renaissance<br />
street-fighting predecessor and is far removed from its martial<br />
origins in the early Middle Ages. Although, unlike many Asian arts, no true<br />
schools survive, many enthusiasts are hard at work reconstructing European<br />
martial traditions. Through the efforts of modern practitioners studying<br />
the works of the masters and training with replica weapons, the heritage<br />
of the Masters of Defence is slowly being recovered.<br />
John Clements<br />
See also Chivalry; Europe; Knights; Swordsmanship, European Medieval;<br />
Swordsmanship, European Renaissance; Wrestling and Grappling:<br />
Europe<br />
References<br />
Anglo, Sydney. 1988. “How to Kill a Man at Your Ease: Chivalry in the<br />
Renaissance.” Antiquaries Journal 67: 1–4.<br />
———. 1989. “How to Win at Tournaments: <strong>The</strong> Techniques of Chivalric<br />
Combat.” Antiquaries Journal 68: 248–264.<br />
Aylward, J. D. 1956. <strong>The</strong> English Master of Arms, from the Twelfth to the<br />
Twentieth Centuries. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.<br />
Castle, Egerton. 1969. Schools and Masters of Fence: From the Middle Ages<br />
to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Reprint, London: Arms and Armour<br />
Press.<br />
Chronik alter Kampfkünst: Zeichnungen und Texte aus Schriften alter Meister,<br />
entsanden 1443–1674. 1997. Berlin: Weinmann.<br />
Clements, John. 1998. Medieval Swordsmanship: Illustrated Techniques and<br />
Methods. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.<br />
———. 1997. Renaissance Swordsmanship: <strong>The</strong> Illustrated Use of Rapiers<br />
and Cut and Thrust Swords. Boulder, CO: Paladin Press.<br />
di Grassi, Giacomo. 1594. His True Arte of Defence. London: I. G. Gentleman.<br />
Galas, S. Matthew. 1997. “Kindred Spirits: <strong>The</strong> Art of Sword in Germany<br />
and Japan.” Journal of Asian <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 6, no. 3: 20–47.<br />
Hutton, Alfred. 1892. Old Swordplay: <strong>The</strong> System of Fence in Vogue during<br />
the XVIth, XVIIth, and XVIIIth Centuries, with Lessons Arranged from<br />
the Works of Various Ancient Masters. London: H. Grevel.