Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
including Ming general Qi Jiguang’s (1528–1587) New Book of Effective Discipline (ca. 1561), together with contemporary Korean practices, and includes illustrated routines, on foot and from horseback, for broadsword (a cross between cutlass and saber), flail, and a variety of poled weapons such as spear, trident, crescent halberd, and others. The chapter on boxing (quanfa in Chinese, kwonbop in Korean, kenpô in Japanese) is taken primarily from General Qi Jiguang’s manual. Some Korean sources refer to this chapter as illustrating subak practice. It is possible that a combination of Chinese boxing and seizing techniques similar to those shown in Qi’s manual influenced t’aek’kyŏn, a nineteenth-century Korean sport described as employing “flying foot” and grappling techniques. Although the references to traditional Korean martial arts are scattered and there are large gaps in information for some periods, it is still possible to piece together a broad outline, which generally reflects Chinese influence. The Koreans appear to have modeled their military martial arts system on that prevailing as early as the Chinese Han period (206 B.C.–A.D. 220) and to have retained the term subak, originally associated with that period, through the fifteenth century, long after the Chinese terminology had changed. The term for wrestling changed from kakjo to kakryuk (jueli in Chinese and ssirŭm in colloquial Korean) during the Yi period. Modern Korean taekwondo appears to be based mainly on Japanese karate, which was, itself, based primarily on Chinese boxing modified in Okinawa and introduced to the Japanese martial arts community in the 1920s. Stanley E. Henning 300 Korean Martial Arts, Chinese Influences on See also Hapkidô; Korea; T’aek’kyŏn; Taekwondo References Burdick, Dakin. 1997. “People & Events in Taekwondo’s Formative Years.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 6, no. 1: 30–49. Capener, Steven D. 1995. “Problems in the Identity and Philosophy of T’aegwondo and Their Historical Causes.” Korea Journal (Winter): 80–94. Chonui Samguk Sagi (Complete Translation of the History of the Three Kingdoms). 1963. Edited by Shin Sa-Guk, translated by Kim Chong- Kwon. Seoul: Sonjin Munhwasa, 8. Henning, Stanley E. 2000. “Traditional Korean Martial Arts.” Journal of Asian Martial Arts 9, no. 1: 8–15. Il Yon. 1995. Samguk Yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms). 2d ed. Translated by Kim Pong-Du. Seoul: Gyumunsa. Kim, Un-Yong. 1978. Taekwondo. Seoul: Korean Overseas Information Service. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. 1956. Korean Arts. Vol. 1, Painting and Sculpture. Seoul, 194–195. Mizuno Masakuni. 1972. Kokuri Heikiga Kofun to Kikajin (Koguryo Ancient Tomb Wall Murals and Naturalized Persons). Tokyo: Yuzan Kaku.
No Sa-Sin. 1481 (Tangi Year 4291 ). Sinchong Dongguk Yeji Songnam (New Expanded Dongguk Gazetteer). Seoul: Dongguk Munhaksa. No Sun-Song. 1974. Hanguk Cheyuksa Yongu (Korean Physical Culture History Research). Seoul: Munsonsa. Yasiya Munhaksa. 1972. Koryo Sa (Koryo History). Seoul: Yasiya Munhaksa. Yi Dok-Mu. 1970 [1790]. Muye Dobo Tongji (Encyclopedia of Illustrated Martial Arts Manuals). Seoul: Hakmungak. Yi Hyon-Gun. 1955. Tangi Year 4287. Hwarangdô Yongu. Seoul: Munhwasa, 15. Yi Sok-Ho. 1991. Chosŏn Sesigi (Korean Annual Customs). Seoul: Dongmunson, 99, 225. Yijo Sillok. (Veritable Records of the Yi Dynasty). 1953. Tokyo. Yijo Sillok Pullyujip (Classified Index of the Veritable Records of the Yi Dynasty). 1961. Seoul: Gwahakwon. Koryû Bugei, Japanese The koryû bugei are the classical styles or systems through which the samurai acquired their military skills, as well as many of their key values and convictions. They are distinguished from the better-known and more widely practiced modern cognate arts of Japan, such as kendô and jûdô, by their origins, organizational structures, and senses of purpose. To be classified as a koryû, a school must be able to trace its origins to at least the early nineteenth century. Most are in fact considerably older than this, and the traditional histories of some profess roots in the twelfth, tenth, or even the seventh century—although scholars generally view such claims as hyperbole. Military training in Japan dates back to before the dawn of recorded history, and organized drill can be documented by the early eighth century, but the solidification of martial art into systems, or ryûha, was a development of the mid to late medieval period, a part of a broad trend toward the systemization of knowledge and teaching in various pursuits. In the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, virtuosos of poetry, the tea ceremony, flower arranging, music, Nô drama, and the like began to think of their approaches to their arts as packages of information that could be transmitted to students in organized patterns, and began to certify their students’ mastery of the teachings by issuing written documents. Thus, samurai began to seek out warriors with reputations as expert fighters and appeal to them for instruction, even as such masters of combat began to codify their knowledge and experience and to methodize its study. During the Tokugawa period (1600–1868), bugei training became increasingly formalized and businesslike, with adepts opening commercial training halls and instructing students for fees, turning the teaching of martial art into a full-time profession. The opening to the West and rapid modernization of Japan in the late nineteenth century brought dramatic changes to the role and status of the Koryû Bugei, Japanese 301
- Page 270 and 271: 250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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- Page 274 and 275: 254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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- Page 278 and 279: 258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
- Page 280 and 281: 260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
- Page 282 and 283: 262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
- Page 284 and 285: 264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
- Page 286 and 287: 266 Knights tury, when the benefice
- Page 288 and 289: 268 Knights vided with support in t
- Page 290 and 291: 270 Knights adopt those hereditary
- Page 292 and 293: 272 Knights hope of being knighted
- Page 294 and 295: 274 Knights acquire dominions and f
- Page 296 and 297: 276 Knights which time the tourname
- Page 298 and 299: 278 Knights their own troop and fou
- Page 300 and 301: 280 Knights Germany were probably f
- Page 302 and 303: 282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
- Page 304 and 305: 284 Knights From the beginning of t
- Page 306 and 307: 286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
- Page 308 and 309: 288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
- Page 310 and 311: 290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
- Page 312 and 313: Winners of an archery contest in Ko
- Page 314 and 315: 294 Korea fucianism so completely t
- Page 316 and 317: 296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
- Page 318 and 319: 298 Korea KTA and changed the name
- Page 322 and 323: 302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
- Page 324 and 325: 304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
- Page 326 and 327: 306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
- Page 328: Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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- Page 333 and 334: Krav maga has been called the “fi
- Page 335: Two young women demonstrate Chinese
- Page 338 and 339: 318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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- Page 344 and 345: 324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
- Page 346 and 347: 326 Masters of Defence the classic
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- Page 352 and 353: 332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
- Page 354 and 355: 334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
- Page 356 and 357: A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
- Page 358 and 359: 338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
- Page 360 and 361: 340 Middle East ture battles. The c
- Page 362 and 363: 342 Middle East The oil obviously m
- Page 364 and 365: 344 Mongolia to gain punching power
- Page 366 and 367: Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
- Page 368 and 369: 348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
including Ming general Qi Jiguang’s (1528–1587) New Book of Effective<br />
Discipline (ca. 1561), together with contemporary Korean practices, and<br />
includes illustrated routines, on foot and from horseback, for broadsword<br />
(a cross between cutlass and saber), flail, and a variety of poled weapons<br />
such as spear, trident, crescent halberd, and others. <strong>The</strong> chapter on boxing<br />
(quanfa in Chinese, kwonbop in Korean, kenpô in Japanese) is taken primarily<br />
from General Qi Jiguang’s manual. Some Korean sources refer to<br />
this chapter as illustrating subak practice. It is possible that a combination<br />
of Chinese boxing and seizing techniques similar to those shown in Qi’s<br />
manual influenced t’aek’kyŏn, a nineteenth-century Korean sport described<br />
as employing “flying foot” and grappling techniques.<br />
Although the references to traditional Korean martial arts are scattered<br />
and there are large gaps in information for some periods, it is still<br />
possible to piece together a broad outline, which generally reflects Chinese<br />
influence. <strong>The</strong> Koreans appear to have modeled their military martial arts<br />
system on that prevailing as early as the Chinese Han period (206 B.C.–A.D.<br />
220) and to have retained the term subak, originally associated with that<br />
period, through the fifteenth century, long after the Chinese terminology<br />
had changed. <strong>The</strong> term for wrestling changed from kakjo to kakryuk (jueli<br />
in Chinese and ssirŭm in colloquial Korean) during the Yi period.<br />
Modern Korean taekwondo appears to be based mainly on Japanese<br />
karate, which was, itself, based primarily on Chinese boxing modified in Okinawa<br />
and introduced to the Japanese martial arts community in the 1920s.<br />
Stanley E. Henning<br />
300 Korean <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>, Chinese Influences on<br />
See also Hapkidô; Korea; T’aek’kyŏn; Taekwondo<br />
References<br />
Burdick, Dakin. 1997. “People & Events in Taekwondo’s Formative Years.”<br />
Journal of Asian <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 6, no. 1: 30–49.<br />
Capener, Steven D. 1995. “Problems in the Identity and Philosophy of<br />
T’aegwondo and <strong>The</strong>ir Historical Causes.” Korea Journal (Winter):<br />
80–94.<br />
Chonui Samguk Sagi (Complete Translation of the History of the Three<br />
Kingdoms). 1963. Edited by Shin Sa-Guk, translated by Kim Chong-<br />
Kwon. Seoul: Sonjin Munhwasa, 8.<br />
Henning, Stanley E. 2000. “Traditional Korean <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>.” Journal of<br />
Asian <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> 9, no. 1: 8–15.<br />
Il Yon. 1995. Samguk Yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms). 2d ed.<br />
Translated by Kim Pong-Du. Seoul: Gyumunsa.<br />
Kim, Un-Yong. 1978. Taekwondo. Seoul: Korean Overseas Information<br />
Service.<br />
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea. 1956. Korean <strong>Arts</strong>. Vol. 1,<br />
Painting and Sculpture. Seoul, 194–195.<br />
Mizuno Masakuni. 1972. Kokuri Heikiga Kofun to Kikajin (Koguryo<br />
Ancient Tomb Wall Murals and Naturalized Persons). Tokyo: Yuzan<br />
Kaku.
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