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Martial Arts Of The World - Webs

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as a result of similar circumstances. <strong>The</strong>re are equally strong arguments,<br />

however, that martial arts, like many other cultural traditions, survived the<br />

Middle Passage (the transport of Africans to slavery in the Americas) to be<br />

adapted to the changed cultural context of the Americas. Under less constrained<br />

circumstances, the process continues, as contemporary Senegalese<br />

immigrants compete in their traditional wrestling art of laamb in parks in<br />

Washington, D.C., on the Muslim holiday of Tabaski.<br />

Thomas A. Green<br />

Gene Tausk<br />

See also Capoeira; Middle East; Performing <strong>Arts</strong><br />

References<br />

Almeida, Bira. 1986. Capoeira: A Brazilian Art Form. Berkeley: North Atlantic<br />

Books.<br />

Balent, Matthew. 1993. <strong>The</strong> Compendium of Weapons, Armour, and<br />

Castles. Taylor, MI: Palladium Books.<br />

Bibb, Henry. 1969 [1850]. Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry<br />

Bibb, an American Slave, Written by Himself. Introduction by Lucius C.<br />

Matlack. Miami, FL: Mnemosyne Publishing.<br />

Boahen, A. Adu. 1962. “<strong>The</strong> Caravan Trade in the Nineteenth Century.”<br />

Journal of African History 3: 2.<br />

Bryant, A. T. 1949. <strong>The</strong> Zulu People: As <strong>The</strong>y Were before the White Man<br />

Came. Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Shuter and Shooter.<br />

Capoeira, Nestor. 1995. <strong>The</strong> Little Capoeira Book. Berkeley: North Atlantic<br />

Books.<br />

Davidson, Basil. 1969. Africa in History: <strong>The</strong>mes and Outlines. New York:<br />

Macmillan.<br />

Fage, J. D. 1978. A History of Africa. London: Hutchinson.<br />

Godia, George. 1989. “Sport in Kenya.” In Sport in Asia and Africa:<br />

A Comparative Handbook. Edited by Eric A. Wagner. New York:<br />

Greenwood.<br />

Gwaltney, John. 1981. Drylongso: A Self-Portrait of Black Americans. New<br />

York: Random House.<br />

Hill, Erroll. 1972. Trinidad Carnival: Mandate for a National Carnival.<br />

Austin: University of Texas Press.<br />

Katz, William Loren. 1986. Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. New York:<br />

Atheneum.<br />

Lewis, J. Lowell. 1992. Ring of Liberation: Deceptive Discourse in Brazilian<br />

Capoeira. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<br />

Michelon, Josy. 1987. Le Ladjia: Origin et Pratiques (Ladjia: Origin and<br />

Practice). Paris: Editions Caribéennes.<br />

Mutti, Maria. 1978. Maculéle. Salvador, Brazil: Prefectura da Cidade do<br />

Salvador.<br />

Ojeme, E. O. 1989. “Sport in Nigeria.” In Sport in Asia and Africa: A Comparative<br />

Handbook. Edited by Eric A. Wagner. New York: Greenwood.<br />

Oliver, Roland Anthony, and Brian M. Fagan. 1975. Africa in the Iron Age,<br />

c. 500 B.C. to A.D. 1400. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.<br />

Ortiz, Fernando. 1985 [1951]. Los Bailes y el Teátro de los Negros en el<br />

Folklore de Cuba (Dances and <strong>The</strong>atre of the Blacks in Cuban Folklore).<br />

Havana: Editorial Letras Cubanas.<br />

Africa and African America 11

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