Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
282 Knights glect. Instead, many new forms of order and pseudo-order, only superficially resembling the older orders, were founded, both by kings and princes and by nobles of lesser rank. The traditional tournament was virtually discontinued after 1380 and was replaced by the joust, in which knights fought what were effectively duels. A number of variants of the traditional joust—each designed to provide practice in a different form of knightly combat—emerged in this period, especially in Germany, in which regional societies dedicated to promoting the sport were founded. In France, by contrast, individual knights or small groups of knights began in this subphase to undertake chivalrous enterprises (called emprinses d’armes) based on those of the errant knights of the Round Table, and these might involve challenging to a joust all those who passed a certain spot or performing a set of faits d’armes (deeds of arms) by a specified day. For some of the more formalized variants of the joust, the great helm was still employed, though in a modified form now described as “frogfaced.” For serious military activities, however, the great helm was abandoned around 1380 in favor of a new type called the great basinet, which was equipped with a movable visor and a separate plate for the chin and neck, or bevor, which remained the dominant form of knightly helmet until the end of the phase. In addition, the classic war-shield was finally abandoned by most knights around 1380, and thereafter shields were employed almost exclusively in jousts. A new form of shield was adopted for this setting around 1380: the concave, cusped, quasi-rectangular type called the targe, which was used into the sixteenth century. The emergence of the articulated harness of plate around 1410 led to a temporary abandonment of the heraldic surcoat as well as of the heraldic shield, and the heraldic arms of the knight were displayed to the end of the phase mainly on flags and horse trappings (though they continued to monopolize the designs of seals and became increasingly important in funerals and on tombs). The same subphase, however, saw an immense expansion and spread of the use of paraheraldic symbols of all types, especially as livery symbols, but also as marks of military units. Finally, there is reason to believe that it was during this subphase that the knighting ritual was increasingly reduced from its traditional form, in which the central acts were the attachment of the sword belt and golden spurs of knighthood, to a much simpler one in which the sole act was the delivery by the officiant of the (previously described) collée. This abbreviated form may have been used when knighthood was conferred on the eve of a battle, and it was probably extended to civil settings on a temporary or emergency basis before it was generalized. The collée was commonly accompanied by a short exhortation by the officiant, who said, “I make you
knight in the name of God and St. George, to guard loyally faith and justice, to sustain just quarrels loyally with all your power, and to protect the church, widows, and orphans.” Late Classic Knighthood (1430/50–1600/25) In the years following 1430, knighthood was finally detached from its traditional military role and converted into a mere dignity, whose sole purposes were to honor recipients and to bestow a minimal rank within the hierarchy of the nobility. The clearest signs of this change were the removal of the distinction in the pay scale traditionally maintained between knights and squires, the complete merger of the two ranks in military contexts into the single status of man-at-arms, and the gradual replacement of the knightly status of banneret with the new military office of captain. These changes were accompanied by the completion (by 1500) of the process by which the knighting ritual was reduced to the collée—renamed the accolade—and by a tendency in some countries for the eldest sons of knights to assume that title on attaining adulthood, without benefit of any form of dubbing. This did not happen in the British kingdoms, but it was widespread on the continent. Nevertheless, throughout this phase all kings and princes, and probably the majority of barons, continued to seek knighthood for at least their eldest son at the age of majority, and other men of noble birth continued to undergo the traditional training and to fight as heavy cavalrymen wearing armor encasing their whole bodies. Rather than surrender the status of knight, indeed, the lesser nobles of some kingdoms began to treat it as a hereditary dignity that could be assumed at majority without any ceremony at all. Furthermore, the joust in its growing variety of forms remained the most important form of noble sport (though many of the type called the pas d’armes [French; passage of arms] were little more than allegorical plays), and different types of armor (often with interchangeable pieces) were created for each of its many forms. The armorers of this period—now concentrated in northern Italy (especially Milan) and Germany (especially Augsburg)—continued to produce armors of ever higher technical sophistication and finish, and even developed a series of different forms of helmet derived both from the great basinet (the sallet, barbut, armet, and close-helmet) and from the great helm (the barred and grilled helms) to suit different tastes and purposes. Finally, the code and mythology of chivalry remained powerful forces in many kingdoms to the end of the period. Thus, although their military role was steadily reduced through the rise of newer forms of both infantry and cavalry, the knights of this period retained most of their prestige. Knighthood remained an idealized status central to the contemporary definition of nobility until at least 1550. Knights 283
- Page 252 and 253: 232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
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- Page 260 and 261: 240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
- Page 262 and 263: 242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
- Page 264 and 265: 244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
- Page 266 and 267: 246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
- Page 268 and 269: 248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
- Page 270 and 271: 250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
- Page 272 and 273: 252 Kendô only noted fencers from
- Page 274 and 275: 254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
- Page 276 and 277: Japanese men and women practicing K
- Page 278 and 279: 258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
- Page 280 and 281: 260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
- Page 282 and 283: 262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
- Page 284 and 285: 264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
- Page 286 and 287: 266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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- Page 290 and 291: 270 Knights adopt those hereditary
- Page 292 and 293: 272 Knights hope of being knighted
- Page 294 and 295: 274 Knights acquire dominions and f
- Page 296 and 297: 276 Knights which time the tourname
- Page 298 and 299: 278 Knights their own troop and fou
- Page 300 and 301: 280 Knights Germany were probably f
- Page 304 and 305: 284 Knights From the beginning of t
- Page 306 and 307: 286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
- Page 308 and 309: 288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
- Page 310 and 311: 290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
- Page 312 and 313: Winners of an archery contest in Ko
- Page 314 and 315: 294 Korea fucianism so completely t
- Page 316 and 317: 296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
- Page 318 and 319: 298 Korea KTA and changed the name
- Page 320 and 321: including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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- Page 324 and 325: 304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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282 Knights<br />
glect. Instead, many new forms of order and pseudo-order, only superficially<br />
resembling the older orders, were founded, both by kings and princes<br />
and by nobles of lesser rank.<br />
<strong>The</strong> traditional tournament was virtually discontinued after 1380 and<br />
was replaced by the joust, in which knights fought what were effectively<br />
duels. A number of variants of the traditional joust—each designed to provide<br />
practice in a different form of knightly combat—emerged in this period,<br />
especially in Germany, in which regional societies dedicated to promoting<br />
the sport were founded. In France, by contrast, individual knights<br />
or small groups of knights began in this subphase to undertake chivalrous<br />
enterprises (called emprinses d’armes) based on those of the errant knights<br />
of the Round Table, and these might involve challenging to a joust all those<br />
who passed a certain spot or performing a set of faits d’armes (deeds of<br />
arms) by a specified day.<br />
For some of the more formalized variants of the joust, the great helm<br />
was still employed, though in a modified form now described as “frogfaced.”<br />
For serious military activities, however, the great helm was abandoned<br />
around 1380 in favor of a new type called the great basinet, which<br />
was equipped with a movable visor and a separate plate for the chin and<br />
neck, or bevor, which remained the dominant form of knightly helmet until<br />
the end of the phase. In addition, the classic war-shield was finally abandoned<br />
by most knights around 1380, and thereafter shields were employed<br />
almost exclusively in jousts. A new form of shield was adopted for this setting<br />
around 1380: the concave, cusped, quasi-rectangular type called the<br />
targe, which was used into the sixteenth century.<br />
<strong>The</strong> emergence of the articulated harness of plate around 1410 led to<br />
a temporary abandonment of the heraldic surcoat as well as of the heraldic<br />
shield, and the heraldic arms of the knight were displayed to the end of the<br />
phase mainly on flags and horse trappings (though they continued to monopolize<br />
the designs of seals and became increasingly important in funerals<br />
and on tombs). <strong>The</strong> same subphase, however, saw an immense expansion<br />
and spread of the use of paraheraldic symbols of all types, especially as livery<br />
symbols, but also as marks of military units.<br />
Finally, there is reason to believe that it was during this subphase that<br />
the knighting ritual was increasingly reduced from its traditional form, in<br />
which the central acts were the attachment of the sword belt and golden<br />
spurs of knighthood, to a much simpler one in which the sole act was the<br />
delivery by the officiant of the (previously described) collée. This abbreviated<br />
form may have been used when knighthood was conferred on the eve<br />
of a battle, and it was probably extended to civil settings on a temporary<br />
or emergency basis before it was generalized. <strong>The</strong> collée was commonly accompanied<br />
by a short exhortation by the officiant, who said, “I make you