Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
270 Knights adopt those hereditary shield designs called (heraldic) arms that later became the chief insignia of noble status. These emblems did not descend to lower substrata of the nobility before the end of the phase and were not associated with knighthood. Thus, there continued to be two distinct knightages in this phase: the old ignoble knightage, some of whose members began to distinguish themselves and take on the characteristics of their noble lords, and the new noble knightage, whose members still regarded their knighthood as only one of their several statuses, and by no means the most important of them. In the military sphere, this subphase was primarily marked by the generalization of the tactics developed in the previous phase and the simultaneous generalization of the tournament, which seems to have become a sport (comparable to the hunt) that maintained knightly skills between formal wars. In both the tournament and war, most knights now fought much more as members of disciplined units, whose members could charge, wheel, or retreat on command, but this discipline was probably fairly loose by modern standards. The new tactics seem to have proved themselves in the First Crusade, which made the use of knights increasingly attractive to kings and princes outside northern France and its cultural colonies. Nevertheless, it should be emphasized that most warfare in the period consisted of long sieges and combats in terrain ill-suited to cavalry tactics; therefore, knights were obliged to be just as adept at the tactics of heavy infantry as they were at those of heavy cavalry. Knights became common in Germany and known in the Latin Christian lands to the north and east of it. In these regions, knights remained essentially soldiers, and most of those in Germany were maintained in princely and episcopal households as servants and recruited from among those unfree servants called in Latin ministeriales, who were hereditarily attached to those households. In Spain, the militias of the cities organized companies of caballeros villanos, or “town knights,” whose social status was higher than that of the ministeriales, but far from noble. Elsewhere, professional knights were freemen who lived mainly in rural settings, including in some cases their own manor houses. In fact, the number of enfeoffed (and therefore landed) knights rose steadily in this subphase, and a few of them were given fiefs in the form of a whole manor: a form of agricultural estate whose lordship was formerly held only by nobles. This allowed these knights to see themselves as territorial lords, encouraging them to adopt the fine manners and clothing previously peculiar to nobles. It seems to have become customary for those whose fathers wished them to be trained as knights to be sent between the ages of 10 and 14 to the court of a lord of higher status, where they spent about seven years as apprentices, studying with a group of youths of roughly their own age. By
1120, the eldest sons of most noblemen of northern France and its colonies destined for a lay career were trained in this way and were dubbed to knighthood between the ages of about 16 (if they were the sons of princes) and 21. The same ceremony was adopted for the initiation of the heirs of the landed ignoble knights. The rite still involved the delivery of knightly equipment, including a horse, but it was now centered on the attachment of the sword belt (to which was attached the classical Latin term cingulum militiae, meaning “belt of military status”) and of spurs to the heels, and concluded either with an embrace or with a blow with the flat of the officiant’s sword blade to the candidate’s neck: a blow called in both French and English the collée, from col (French; neck). This rite could be performed either on the eve of a battle in which the candidates were to fight or in the court of a castellan, prince, or king, where it took on the characteristics of a graduation ceremony. Civil dubbings probably tended to become ever more splendid throughout this phase, but truly elaborate rituals involving vigils and the like are not attested before the next phase. Apparently, dubbings were normally performed on a group of candidates, numbering from three or four to several hundred, who had either trained together or completed their training at roughly the same time. The officiant at dubbings was normally either the seignior of the candidate’s father or the lord at whose court the candidate had been trained. Since only the sons of landed knights were dubbed, a distinction arose among the ignoble knights generally between the landed milites accincti (Latin; belted knights) who had received the belt of knighthood and the unlanded milites gregarii (Latin; flock knights) who had not. Miles finally superseded caballarius as the title for the status in Latin, though eques (classical Latin; horseman) was occasionally used instead, and the abstract word militia came to represent the ideas best represented in English by the term knighthood. Vernacular equivalents appeared for the first time around 1100, including the Romance derivatives of caballarius, Germanic and Slavic derivatives of the Old Flemish ridder (rider), such as Old High German rîter, ritter, and Old English ridder. After 1066, the peculiarly English cniht (“boy,” formerly applied to all male servants) was employed. New titles also began to appear for apprentice knights, including the late Latin scutarius (shield-man) and its vernacular derivatives scudiero, escudero, escuier, and squire (which became the standard titles in Italian, Castilian, French, and English). Armiger (arms-bearer) became the standard title in Latin; vaslettus (little vassal) and its vernacular derivatives (such as valet) were preferred in certain regions of France; and domicellus (little lord) and its vernacular derivatives damoisel, donzel, and the like were preferred in lands of Occitan and Catalan speech. The first three families of titles, however, were also used for servants who assisted noble knights but had no Knights 271
- Page 240 and 241: 220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
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- Page 260 and 261: 240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
- Page 262 and 263: 242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
- Page 264 and 265: 244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
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- Page 270 and 271: 250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
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- Page 276 and 277: Japanese men and women practicing K
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- Page 284 and 285: 264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
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- Page 292 and 293: 272 Knights hope of being knighted
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- Page 302 and 303: 282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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- Page 322 and 323: 302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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270 Knights<br />
adopt those hereditary shield designs called (heraldic) arms that later became<br />
the chief insignia of noble status. <strong>The</strong>se emblems did not descend to<br />
lower substrata of the nobility before the end of the phase and were not associated<br />
with knighthood. Thus, there continued to be two distinct knightages<br />
in this phase: the old ignoble knightage, some of whose members began<br />
to distinguish themselves and take on the characteristics of their noble<br />
lords, and the new noble knightage, whose members still regarded their<br />
knighthood as only one of their several statuses, and by no means the most<br />
important of them.<br />
In the military sphere, this subphase was primarily marked by the generalization<br />
of the tactics developed in the previous phase and the simultaneous<br />
generalization of the tournament, which seems to have become a<br />
sport (comparable to the hunt) that maintained knightly skills between formal<br />
wars. In both the tournament and war, most knights now fought much<br />
more as members of disciplined units, whose members could charge, wheel,<br />
or retreat on command, but this discipline was probably fairly loose by<br />
modern standards. <strong>The</strong> new tactics seem to have proved themselves in the<br />
First Crusade, which made the use of knights increasingly attractive to<br />
kings and princes outside northern France and its cultural colonies. Nevertheless,<br />
it should be emphasized that most warfare in the period consisted<br />
of long sieges and combats in terrain ill-suited to cavalry tactics; therefore,<br />
knights were obliged to be just as adept at the tactics of heavy infantry as<br />
they were at those of heavy cavalry.<br />
Knights became common in Germany and known in the Latin Christian<br />
lands to the north and east of it. In these regions, knights remained essentially<br />
soldiers, and most of those in Germany were maintained in<br />
princely and episcopal households as servants and recruited from among<br />
those unfree servants called in Latin ministeriales, who were hereditarily attached<br />
to those households. In Spain, the militias of the cities organized<br />
companies of caballeros villanos, or “town knights,” whose social status<br />
was higher than that of the ministeriales, but far from noble. Elsewhere,<br />
professional knights were freemen who lived mainly in rural settings, including<br />
in some cases their own manor houses. In fact, the number of enfeoffed<br />
(and therefore landed) knights rose steadily in this subphase, and a<br />
few of them were given fiefs in the form of a whole manor: a form of agricultural<br />
estate whose lordship was formerly held only by nobles. This allowed<br />
these knights to see themselves as territorial lords, encouraging them<br />
to adopt the fine manners and clothing previously peculiar to nobles.<br />
It seems to have become customary for those whose fathers wished<br />
them to be trained as knights to be sent between the ages of 10 and 14 to<br />
the court of a lord of higher status, where they spent about seven years as<br />
apprentices, studying with a group of youths of roughly their own age. By