Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
268 Knights vided with support in the form of benefices or protofiefs in the form of manorial land with limited rights over peasant tenants. As a mark of their newly enhanced status, some knights (probably the newly landed ones) began to adopt miles (Latin; soldier/knight) as a social title in legal documents. Nevertheless, the vast majority of knights everywhere remained landless, and continued to be supported either as vassals in lordly households or as mercenaries—an even more demeaning condition. The prestige of the knightage seems to have remained low, and clerics generally seem to have seen them as little better than hired thugs who would not hesitate to murder priests and rape nuns if the occasion presented itself. It is likely that a military code associated with knighthood had begun to emerge: a code demanding that the true knight display at all times the key virtues of courage, prowess (or a perfect command of the martial arts as they pertained to his status), and loyalty to his seignior (for whom he should be prepared to die if necessary). Gradually the code would also impose requirements as to how one should treat fellow knights on the field of battle and would establish rules governing such matters as ransom and the division of spoils. Throughout the preclassic phase, however, observance of this code was probably restricted to the knights who were vassals, as it was represented in Old French and related dialects by the word vassalage, in the sense of “vassalic virtue,” rather than chevalerie (chivalry) in the sense of “knightly virtue.” The classic tactics of the knight were finally introduced and largely perfected in the middle subphase of this period (ca. 1050–ca. 1100), which culminated in the First Crusade and the conquest of Syria-Palestine by an army of knights from all over Latin Europe. This subphase also saw the adoption of the name and status of knight by growing numbers of noblemen in northern France and the conversion of an older rite of manhood into a rite of initiation into knighthood. The massed charge with couched lance, unknown before 1050 and still not general in 1085 (when the Bayeux “Tapestry” was embroidered), was almost certainly introduced and generalized in this subphase. In addition, a new form of military sport was probably invented to give the caballarii practice in it: the mock battle fought between two very large teams of knights that came to be called the tournament. Both the tactic and the sport were probably in northern France shortly after 1050 and gradually became more accepted throughout the kingdom and neighboring regions (though the tournament was increasingly condemned by the Church authorities as a dangerous and destructive pastime). Perhaps at least partly because the new tactic required them to practice more frequently in the company of their vassals, noble princes and castellans began in this subphase to equate their own military status of warrior (traditionally represented by words meaning “hero”) with the sta-
tus of caballarius/miles. Between about 1070 and 1140, princes like the duke of Normandy adopted seals for authenticating documents in the manner of the royal chancery, and all of these seals bore an effigy of the owner on horseback in the armor characteristic of a knight. Lesser noblemen in both France and England (who still lacked seals) began instead to assume the title miles/chevaler after their name, in the same fashion as some of their ignoble brethren, and possibly to treat the established rite of adobement, or “dubbing”—in which young noblemen had traditionally been vested with the arms and armor of a noble warrior as a rite of initiation into adulthood—as being instead a rite of initiation into knighthood. As a result, by the end of the subphase (around 1100) two distinct types of knighthood had come into existence: the traditional, ignoble, professional type, for whose occupants it was the highest and most important of their statuses; and the new, noble type, for whose occupants it was still only a relatively minor status, overshadowed by those of noble, territorial lord, and seignior. Only the former, however, was generalized even in the more advanced regions of Latin Christendom. The prestige of knighthood in general finally increased at the end of the subphase when the designation miles Christi (soldier/servant of Christ), which had traditionally been used in a metaphorical way to designate monks, was extended to the knights who formed the core of the Christian armies in the First Crusade (1095–1099). This proclamation by Pope Urban II not only converted those who participated into holy warriors, but removed the stigma traditionally attached in Christian doctrine to all soldiers, whose profession required them to perform acts that were inherently sinful, so that they were required to do a major penance whenever they killed, even in a just war. Now that the killing of the enemies of God was to be regarded as a meritorious act, which by implication made all justifiable killing acceptable, all honest knights could thenceforth hold their heads up among Christians. This development, along with others of the same period, encouraged knights to be considerably more pious than they had been, and eventually made both piety and loyalty to the Catholic faith into characteristics of the ideal knight. The late subphase of this period (1100–1150/1200) saw the full emergence of noble knighthood. Nevertheless, the great majority of knights remained landless and ignoble, and the knightage as a whole was not yet united by a common “chivalrous” ideology or a common set of rites and insignia. Adobement (dubbing), though now universally regarded as an act of initiation into knighthood, remained restricted to the nobility. The classic elements of chivalry did begin to emerge in this subphase, but they remained separate from one another and not formally associated with knighthood as such. The princes of Great Francia and adjacent regions did Knights 269
- Page 237: ———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
- Page 240 and 241: 220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
- Page 242 and 243: 222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
- Page 244 and 245: 224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
- Page 246 and 247: Satish Kumar (left) and Shri Ajit (
- Page 248 and 249: 228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
- Page 250 and 251: 230 Kalarippayattu given to applica
- Page 252 and 253: 232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
- Page 254 and 255: 234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
- Page 256 and 257: 236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
- Page 258 and 259: 238 Karate, Japanese terminology fo
- Page 260 and 261: 240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
- Page 262 and 263: 242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
- Page 264 and 265: 244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
- Page 266 and 267: 246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
- Page 268 and 269: 248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
- Page 270 and 271: 250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
- Page 272 and 273: 252 Kendô only noted fencers from
- Page 274 and 275: 254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
- Page 276 and 277: Japanese men and women practicing K
- Page 278 and 279: 258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
- Page 280 and 281: 260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
- Page 282 and 283: 262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
- Page 284 and 285: 264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
- Page 286 and 287: 266 Knights tury, when the benefice
- Page 290 and 291: 270 Knights adopt those hereditary
- Page 292 and 293: 272 Knights hope of being knighted
- Page 294 and 295: 274 Knights acquire dominions and f
- Page 296 and 297: 276 Knights which time the tourname
- Page 298 and 299: 278 Knights their own troop and fou
- Page 300 and 301: 280 Knights Germany were probably f
- Page 302 and 303: 282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
- Page 304 and 305: 284 Knights From the beginning of t
- Page 306 and 307: 286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
- Page 308 and 309: 288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
- Page 310 and 311: 290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
- Page 312 and 313: Winners of an archery contest in Ko
- Page 314 and 315: 294 Korea fucianism so completely t
- Page 316 and 317: 296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
- Page 318 and 319: 298 Korea KTA and changed the name
- Page 320 and 321: including Ming general Qi Jiguang
- Page 322 and 323: 302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
- Page 324 and 325: 304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
- Page 326 and 327: 306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
- Page 328: Krav Maga practitioners are taught
- Page 331 and 332: powerless for a few seconds while t
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- Page 335: Two young women demonstrate Chinese
tus of caballarius/miles. Between about 1070 and 1140, princes like the<br />
duke of Normandy adopted seals for authenticating documents in the manner<br />
of the royal chancery, and all of these seals bore an effigy of the owner<br />
on horseback in the armor characteristic of a knight. Lesser noblemen in<br />
both France and England (who still lacked seals) began instead to assume<br />
the title miles/chevaler after their name, in the same fashion as some of<br />
their ignoble brethren, and possibly to treat the established rite of adobement,<br />
or “dubbing”—in which young noblemen had traditionally been<br />
vested with the arms and armor of a noble warrior as a rite of initiation<br />
into adulthood—as being instead a rite of initiation into knighthood. As a<br />
result, by the end of the subphase (around 1100) two distinct types of<br />
knighthood had come into existence: the traditional, ignoble, professional<br />
type, for whose occupants it was the highest and most important of their<br />
statuses; and the new, noble type, for whose occupants it was still only a<br />
relatively minor status, overshadowed by those of noble, territorial lord,<br />
and seignior. Only the former, however, was generalized even in the more<br />
advanced regions of Latin Christendom.<br />
<strong>The</strong> prestige of knighthood in general finally increased at the end of<br />
the subphase when the designation miles Christi (soldier/servant of Christ),<br />
which had traditionally been used in a metaphorical way to designate<br />
monks, was extended to the knights who formed the core of the Christian<br />
armies in the First Crusade (1095–1099). This proclamation by Pope Urban<br />
II not only converted those who participated into holy warriors, but<br />
removed the stigma traditionally attached in Christian doctrine to all soldiers,<br />
whose profession required them to perform acts that were inherently<br />
sinful, so that they were required to do a major penance whenever they<br />
killed, even in a just war. Now that the killing of the enemies of God was<br />
to be regarded as a meritorious act, which by implication made all justifiable<br />
killing acceptable, all honest knights could thenceforth hold their<br />
heads up among Christians. This development, along with others of the<br />
same period, encouraged knights to be considerably more pious than they<br />
had been, and eventually made both piety and loyalty to the Catholic faith<br />
into characteristics of the ideal knight.<br />
<strong>The</strong> late subphase of this period (1100–1150/1200) saw the full emergence<br />
of noble knighthood. Nevertheless, the great majority of knights remained<br />
landless and ignoble, and the knightage as a whole was not yet<br />
united by a common “chivalrous” ideology or a common set of rites and<br />
insignia. Adobement (dubbing), though now universally regarded as an act<br />
of initiation into knighthood, remained restricted to the nobility. <strong>The</strong> classic<br />
elements of chivalry did begin to emerge in this subphase, but they remained<br />
separate from one another and not formally associated with<br />
knighthood as such. <strong>The</strong> princes of Great Francia and adjacent regions did<br />
Knights 269