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Martial Arts Of The World - Webs

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260 Ki/Qi<br />

See also Kajukenbo; Karate, Japanese; Karate, Okinawan<br />

References<br />

Corcoran, John, and Emil Farkas, ed. 1983. <strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong>: Traditions,<br />

History, People. New York: Gallery Books.<br />

Durbin, William. 1997. “Kempô: <strong>The</strong> Source.” Inside Karate 18, no. 10<br />

(October): 70–74.<br />

———. 1993. “Rough and Tumble: <strong>The</strong> Throwing Techniques of Kempô<br />

Karate.” Karate Kung Fu Illustrated 24, no. 6 (December): 50–53.<br />

Friday, Karl, with Seki Humitake. 1997. Legacies of the Sword: <strong>The</strong><br />

Kashima-Shinryû and Samurai <strong>Martial</strong> Culture. Honolulu: University of<br />

Hawai’i Press.<br />

Hallender, Jane. 1992. “James Mitose’s Untold Story: Son of the Late<br />

Kempô Master Reveals Startling Details about His Father’s Crimes.”<br />

Black Belt 30, no. 11 (November): 18–22.<br />

Kirby, George. 1983. Jujitsu: Basic Techniques of the Gentle Art. Burbank,<br />

CA: Ohara.<br />

La Tourrette, John. 1981. Secrets of Kenpô Karate. Boise, ID: Warrior<br />

Publications.<br />

Longo, David, and Jose Paman. 1994. “<strong>The</strong> Japanese Origin of Modern<br />

Kempô: Discovered at Last! <strong>The</strong> Mitose Family Temple.” Inside Karate<br />

15, no. 1 (January): 16–21.<br />

Mitose, James M. 1953. What Is Self Defense? (Kenpô Jiu-jitsu). Sacramento,<br />

CA: Kosho-Shôrei Publishing.<br />

Motobu, Chôki. 1926. Ryukyu Kempô Karate-jutsu. Kumite (<strong>The</strong><br />

Okinawan boxing art of karate-jutsu. Sparring techniques). Available as<br />

Okinawa Kempô: Karate-Jutsu on Kumite. Olathe, KS: Ryukyu Imports.<br />

Noble, Graham. 1985. “Master Choki Motobu: A Real Fighter.” Fighting<br />

<strong>Arts</strong> International. ca. 1985. <strong>The</strong> original text appears at http://<br />

www.dragon-tsunami.org/Dtimes/Pages/articlec.htm; an updated version<br />

appears at http://ejmas.com/jcs/jcsart_noble1_0200.htm.<br />

Persons, Michael. 1982. Sam Pai Kenpô. Hollywood, CA: Unique<br />

Publications.<br />

Ratti, Oscar, and Adele Westbrook, eds. 1973. Secrets of the Samurai: <strong>The</strong><br />

<strong>Martial</strong> <strong>Arts</strong> of Feudal Japan. Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle.<br />

Vandehey, Tim. 1990. “<strong>The</strong> Tracy Kenpô System: Black Belts to Greenbacks.”<br />

Black Belt 28, no. 1 (January): 32–36.<br />

Wedlake, Lee, Jr. 1993. “Kenpô, Kenpô Everywhere.” Inside Kung-Fu 20,<br />

no. 11 (November): 60–65.<br />

Ki/Qi<br />

Ki is an essential psychobiological force, which may be cultivated by and<br />

utilized in the practice of the martial arts. Throughout history, the goals of<br />

martial artists have varied between victory in combat and self-cultivation<br />

and enlightenment. One of the major theoretical assumptions of the traditional<br />

martial arts in China and Japan is an animatistic concept of impersonal<br />

power known as qi (ch’i) in Chinese or ki in Japanese. Most often described<br />

as a bioelectric life force or psychophysical energy, qi is also<br />

commonly referred to as vital breath, subtle energy, and directed intention.<br />

Qi is thought to circulate through all living things, and even though it is

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