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238 Karate, Japanese terminology for all punches, kicks, strikes, blocks, and training exercises. Mabuni organized and classified the kata taught within his style as either Itosu-ke (Itosu lineage) or Higashionna-ke. The Itosu-ke includes those kata of the general form and type taught within the Shuri system, while the Higashionna-ke includes those of the type taught within the Naha system. Mabuni also recognized twelve drills, which he classified as kihon (beginning) kata. Mabuni Kenzo, Mabuni Kenwa’s third son, formed the Seitô (Pure) Shitô-ryû after his father’s death and composed the Mabuni-ke from kata developed and modified from the curriculum developed by Mabuni Kenwa. The Mabuni-ke includes Shinse, Shinpa, and Happôsho from the Higashionna-ke; Jûroku, Matsukaze, Aoyagi, Myôjô, and Shihôkoksôkun from the Itosu-ke; Kenki; and Kenshu. The Aoyagi (Green Willow) kata was developed by Mabuni and Konishi Yasuhiro, with a contribution by Ueshiba Morihei, the founder of aikidô. The Shinpa (Mind Wave) kata was devised in 1925 by Mabuni and Konishi after visiting Uechi Kanbun, the founder of Uechi-ryû, in Wakayama. Miyagi Chôjun visited Kyoto in 1928 at the invitation of the jûdô club of Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku (Kyoto Imperial University). He performed at the Butokusai in 1933 and again in 1935, assisted by Yogi Jitsuei. Miyagi visited Japan for intermittent periods between 1934 and 1938 and stayed with Yogi, who was a student at Ritsumeikan University. During this period, Yogi introduced Miyagi to Yamaguchi Yoshimi (Gôgen) (1909–1989), who had established a karate club at Ritsumeikan in 1930. After meeting Miyagi, Yamaguchi adopted the Gôjû style. In order to popularize karate, Yamaguchi created a form of jiyû-kumite (free sparring). Although many Okinawan Karateka had experimented with free sparring, jiyû-kumite was not used as a part of the basic karate curriculum prior to its introduction by Yamaguchi. With the addition of the competitive aspect fostered through the use of jiyû-kumite, the practice of karate began to attract adherents in Japan. In 1935, Yamaguchi formed the Karate Kenkyûkai at Ritsumeikan University to further propagate the Gôjû-ryû. Miyagi Chôjun was listed in the club’s prospectus as meiyô shihan (honorary master teacher), with Yamaguchi and Yogi Jitsuei as shihan-dai (assistant instructors). In 1940, Yamaguchi formed The East Asia Martial Arts Mission to give demonstrations of karate throughout Japan. Yamaguchi served as a military attaché in Manchuria during World War II and was captured by the Russians in 1945. He was released in 1947 and returned to Tokyo. Like many Japanese after the war, Yamaguchi was demoralized. At midnight on January 12, 1948, he went to the Tôgô shrine at Harajuku to commit seppuku (ritual suicide). While preparing himself to die, Yamaguchi had a mystical experience in which he perceived that he was supposed to live and that his purpose was to renew the spiritual life of
the Japanese people through the martial arts. True to this vision, Yamaguchi opened a dôjô in 1948 and went on to establish the All Japan Karatedô Gôjû-kai in 1950, which was to become one of the largest and most powerful karate organizations in Japan. As his spiritual quest continued, Yamaguchi created the Gôjû-Shintô style, which combined Gôjû karate with Shintô and yoga. Yamaguchi’s three sons, Gôsei, Gôshi, and Gôsen, as well as his daughter Gôkyoku, continued the teaching responsibilities of the Gôjû-kai after their father’s death. The Gôjû-kai uses the twelve basic kata of Gôjû (Gekesai daiichi, Gekesai dain, Sanchin, Tenshô, Saifa, Seiyunchin or Seienchin, Seisan, Sanseiru, Shi Sho Chin, Seipa, Kururunfa, and Suparunpei) along with the basic Taikyoku (grand ultimate) forms (Taikyoku jôdan [upper], Taikyoku chûdan [middle], and Taikyoku gedan [lower]) created by Funakoshi Gichin. Yamaguchi Gôgen modified Funakoshi’s basic Taikyoku kata and created Taikyoku mawashi-uke and Taikyoku kake-uke. It is evident from an examination of the major Japanese karate styles that their present state is due to an evolution, rather than a simple transmission, of martial ideas and methodologies. The history of karate in Japan is one of dynamic eclecticism. The “traditional” method is one of adaptation, innovation, and progression. Ron Mottern See also Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice; Japanese Martial Arts, Chinese Influences on; Karate, Okinawan; Kenpô References Bishop, Mark. 1999. Okinawan Karate: Teachers, Styles and Secret Techniques. Boston: Tuttle. ———. 1996. Zen Kobudô: Mysteries of Okinawan Weaponry and Te. Rutland, VT: Tuttle. Castinado, M. 1995. “Gosei Yamaguchi: The Consistent Innovator.” Budô Dôjô, December, 34–38. Demura, Fumio. 1971. Shitô Ryû Karate. Los Angeles: Ohara. Egami, Shigeru. 1980. The Heart of Karate-dô. New York: Kodansha. Funakoshi, Gichin. 1981. Karate-dô kyôhan. New York: Kodansha. ———. 1982. Karate-dô: My Way of Life. New York: Kodansha. Hebster, R. 1983. “Wadô-ryû’s Otsuka: Leader of the Way of Peace.” Black Belt 21 (June): 40–43. Higashionna, M. 1996. The History of Karate: Okinawan Gôjû Ryû. United States: Dragon Books. Inter-National Karate Association. http://www.wadoryukarate.com/. Kim, Richard. 1982. The Weaponless Warriors: An Informal History of Okinawan Karate. Burbank, CA: Ohara. McCarthy, Patrick. 1996. Bubishi: The Bible of Karate. Rutland, VT: Tuttle. ———. 1987. Classical Kata of Okinawan Karate. Santa Clarita, CA: Ohara. Noble, Graham. 1998. “Gichin Funakoshi and the Development of Japanese Karate.” Dragon Times 11: 7–9. Karate, Japanese 239
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Japanese Martial Arts,
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Editorial Board D’Arcy Jonathan D
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Bill Adams Director, Bill Adams Fit
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Kimberley Taylor University of Guel
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xvi Introduction the sword” in Eu
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xviii Introduction References Frida
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Africa and African America Although
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a range of up to 80 meters. The wou
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the competitors. In this respect, t
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Beginning in 1415, after the Portug
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Many African combat systems relied
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as a result of similar circumstance
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eturn strike; rather, the practitio
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Ranking in most aikidô dôjô is b
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The magic monkey Songoku from a Chi
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A young woman aims at a barrel of s
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See also Kendô; Religion and Spiri
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Baguazhang is closely associated wi
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26 Bandô ———. 1984. The Mast
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Chinese children in a martial arts
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A modern picture of a Buddhist mona
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32 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles L
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A 74-year-old Buddhist monk practic
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Grand Master Rich Mooney demonstrat
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38 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles h
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40 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles m
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42 Boxing, Chinese Shaolin Styles (
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44 Boxing, European See also Animal
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46 Boxing, European marked the end
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48 Boxing, European If there is one
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50 Boxing, European practicality an
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52 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Gilbey, John
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54 Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu papers his w
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56 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei autono
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58 Budô, Bujutsu, and Bugei Meiji-
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Capoeira Capoeira is a Brazilian ma
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quiring knowledge of capoeira and t
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early 1990s. By the late 1990s capo
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The entries on archery, straight sw
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Contemporary literature provides a
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eral policies in recent years have
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Clovis, one of the earliest Frankis
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A candidate for knighthood, after s
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though the weapons were blunted, th
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wise counsel, attacked the Turkish
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and elevated courtly love to a form
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Combatives: Military and Police Mar
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during the 1870s, as did the Japane
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and 1930s, comic books and movies f
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he beat up the British Resident. Th
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And, with decolonization on the hor
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Coe, Michael D., Peter Connolly, An
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United States Army. 1992. Field Man
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98 Dueling duels in late eighteenth
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100 Dueling the upper class, but it
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102 Dueling tribal level of sociopo
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104 Dueling was equipped with a coa
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106 Dueling theories are different,
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108 Dueling See also Gunfighters; M
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110 Europe system dates to the Egyp
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An armored ninthcentury Franconian
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An old German woodcut illustrating
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116 Europe handsprings, cartwheels,
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118 Europe the art vary, it is gene
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elow the navel) by physical and spi
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122 External vs. Internal Chinese M
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124 Folklore in the Martial Arts la
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126 Folklore in the Martial Arts sy
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128 Folklore in the Martial Arts ve
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130 Folklore in the Martial Arts a
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132 Folklore in the Martial Arts tr
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134 Folklore in the Martial Arts wi
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Women at an annual martial arts fes
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138 Form/Xing/Kata/Pattern Practice
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In any event, one should probably n
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142 Gladiators in every province of
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144 Gladiators protection, was ligh
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146 Gladiators The question, of cou
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148 Gongfu Although providing marti
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A late-nineteenthcentury engraving
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152 Gunfighters (quoted in Horan 19
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154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô See Swordsman
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and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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ecome other thoughts. In combat app
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this ideology by a word meaning “
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largely the creation of heralds, wh
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Christendom gradually acquired the
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Iaidô Iaidô is the Japanese marti
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the imaginary blood is flicked off
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Watanabe, Tadashige. 1993. Shinkage
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for infantry; and for wrestling), a
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named after dynamic animals such as
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Japan The historical development an
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Warfare, Politics, and Society Warf
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egion (present-day Nara prefecture)
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of the Taira and the Minamoto as vi
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Page 215 and 216: The periodic emphasis on the ideal
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Page 221 and 222: Yuanyun (1587-1671, usually pronoun
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Page 225 and 226: searched and experimented with othe
Page 227 and 228: Bruce Lee said that Jeet Kune Do wa
Page 229 and 230: In 1996, Lee’s widow, Linda Lee C
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Page 233 and 234: Naturally, it was immediately compa
Page 235 and 236: (jûdô practitioner). Older system
Page 237: ———. 1994. Kôdôkan Judo. 19
Page 240 and 241: 220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black
Page 242 and 243: 222 Kajukenbo nese, and the Japanes
Page 244 and 245: 224 Kajukenbo Kajukenbo techniques
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Page 248 and 249: 228 Kalarippayattu though clearly r
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Page 252 and 253: 232 Kali Kali See Philippines Karat
Page 254 and 255: 234 Karate, Japanese where he recei
Page 256 and 257: 236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Sh
Page 260 and 261: 240 Karate, Okinawan ———. 199
Page 262 and 263: 242 Karate, Okinawan gested to the
Page 264 and 265: 244 Karate, Okinawan shionna Kanry
Page 266 and 267: 246 Karate, Okinawan sible for havi
Page 268 and 269: 248 Karate, Okinawan returned to Ok
Page 270 and 271: 250 Kendô In the late Kamakura and
Page 272 and 273: 252 Kendô only noted fencers from
Page 274 and 275: 254 Kendô leadership, ability in j
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Page 278 and 279: 258 Kenpô Kempô grand master, the
Page 280 and 281: 260 Ki/Qi See also Kajukenbo; Karat
Page 282 and 283: 262 Ki/Qi jujitsu. Martial artists
Page 284 and 285: 264 Knights crossbow, or harquebus.
Page 286 and 287: 266 Knights tury, when the benefice
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Page 290 and 291: 270 Knights adopt those hereditary
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Page 294 and 295: 274 Knights acquire dominions and f
Page 296 and 297: 276 Knights which time the tourname
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Page 302 and 303: 282 Knights glect. Instead, many ne
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Page 306 and 307: 286 Kobudô, Okinawan Kobudô, Okin
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288 Kobudô, Okinawan Japanese Infl
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290 Kobudô, Okinawan various forms
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Winners of an archery contest in Ko
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294 Korea fucianism so completely t
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296 Korea nese withdrawal. Moreover
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298 Korea KTA and changed the name
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including Ming general Qi Jiguang
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302 Koryû Bugei, Japanese koryû b
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304 Koryû Bugei, Japanese student
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306 Krav Maga Krav Maga Krav maga (
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Krav Maga practitioners are taught
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powerless for a few seconds while t
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Krav maga has been called the “fi
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Two young women demonstrate Chinese
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318 Masters of Defence and-death en
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320 Masters of Defence “Masters o
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322 Masters of Defence ing both in
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324 Masters of Defence naissance sp
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326 Masters of Defence the classic
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328 Medicine, Traditional Chinese f
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330 Medicine, Traditional Chinese s
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332 Medicine, Traditional Chinese o
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334 Medicine, Traditional Chinese
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A sculpture of Buddha in seated med
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338 Middle East Maliszewski, Michae
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340 Middle East ture battles. The c
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342 Middle East The oil obviously m
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344 Mongolia to gain punching power
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Two Inner Mongolian wrestlers await
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348 Mongolia range of up to 500 yar
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350 Muay Thai Sinor, Denis. 1990. T
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352 Muay Thai (Praditbatuga 2000).
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354 Muay Thai Ron Smith emphasizes
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356 Ninjutsu ninja boom that spread
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358 Ninjutsu Nobunaga in Kyoto in 1
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360 Ninjutsu out fatigue, breath co
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Okinawa Okinawa means a “rope in
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Sensei Ty Yocham of the Texas Okina
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source in Okinawa. The family opera
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A meeting of a branch of the Knight
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it one of the largest and most wide
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the Teutonic Knights of the Hospita
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in 1211 and had just been expelled
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the Knightly Order of St. George, f
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tallers of St. John wore a habit an
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some places grand priories, includi
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cipline was enforced by written reg
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though they normally included men f
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emony (principally the Knights of t
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and Order of the Young Male Falcon,
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took it upon themselves to promote
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Castilian court. Before he could co
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William, and St. George of the Peli
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cieties. One order—that of the Sh
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order in 1344, there can be little
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minion or domain, the monarchical o
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404 Pacific Islands to fight well t
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406 Pacific Islands was developed f
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408 Pacific Islands Hawaiians inclu
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410 Pankration References Balent, M
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412 Pankration feet were permitted.
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414 Pankration dent hit correctly,
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416 Pankration With the explosion o
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An opera singer in full costume wav
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420 Performing Arts can be impossib
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422 Philippines now internationally
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Warrior tribesmen of the Philippine
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426 Philippines his people. Althoug
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428 Philippines Also in the first c
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430 Philippines While the sixth cat
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432 Philippines curer (seruhana, ar
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434 Philippines Besides reasons of
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A painting of a burning station and
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A photo of the Ghost Dance of the A
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440 Political Conflict and the Mart
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442 Political Conflict and the Mart
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Martial Arts of the World
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Copyright © 2001 by Thomas A. Gree
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vi Contents Karate, Okinawan, 240 K
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A Note on Romanization In 1979, the
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Taekwondo students wear colored bel
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for every battle, but whenever a ma
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century the cross was introduced wh
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the mobilization of an expedition t
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desire of Christian princes to main
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The martial arts probably more ofte
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Shaolin Monastery, established in A
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ing on boxing to try to bring it up
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See also Boxing, Chinese; Boxing, C
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An Indian miniature of the defeat o
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In terms of formalized religious pr
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from these austerities is thought t
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Sutra of Patanjali, give scant ment
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Religion and Spiritual Development:
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tention to the relationships among
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from firsthand knowledge of their o
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spread throughout the world. It rea
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ity just as warriors (bushi [24]) o
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To counter the influence of the Bri
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Herrigel spoke each other’s langu
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Japan. Variation by region and soci
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to deliver the labor and taxes dema
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and gods and all creatures. Success
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Aside from magical spells, the alch
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Over time, the Confucian ideals pro
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a means of acquiring status. Lackin
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498 Religion and Spiritual Developm
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Sambo Sambo is an acronym (in Russi
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A crowd intently watches a wrestlin
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Upravlenije; State Intelligence Age
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In addition to this ranking system,
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A portrait of three men in Japan dr
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Godaigo, issued a call to arms agai
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Mass, Jeffrey P. 1989. Lordship and
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style. One should note that at this
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teach the techniques and logic of a
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are launched from very low stances,
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acteristics in regional styles of p
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gion of Indonesia and most of the p
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nese martial arts. The latter theor
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Medieval judicial combat, trial by
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“Philopoemen,” the Roman morali
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References Alford, Violet. 1962. Sw
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The earliest history of the region
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een effected. Struggles between Sia
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tions, silat has been an element of
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An advertisement for Burmese boxing
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and unlike contemporary Krabi krabo
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modeled on the spurring talons of t
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Ryan, N. J. 1976. A History of Mala
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English actor, producer, and direct
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moves, the actors and the choreogra
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a gibbet immediately outside the li
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lades being replaced by an ash stic
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techniques have been part of savate
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tises that stickfighting competitio
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Dressed in traditional garb, sword-
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As a result of the first invasion,
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Zen masters, however, did not thems
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strength, stamina, and ferociousnes
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and actively, defensively and offen
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to stand up against increasingly he
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there were three principal actions
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to the Eighteenth Century. 1885. Re
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the period clearly demonstrates tha
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sponse to the use of cut-and-thrust
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the late Renaissance as a personal
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classical fencing and sport fencing
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evolved over more than two thousand
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(third-fifth centuries A.D.), when
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A color woodblock print of a duel b
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Another form subscribed to combat s
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tainment that belongs in samurai mo
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Hankuk Haedong Kumdô students Glen
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through their perceptions, understa
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T’aek’kyŏn T’aek’kyŏn is
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distinct identity, with a common fo
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Each t’aek’kyŏn association in
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Side kick delivered by Miss Kim, ca
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In 1955, General Choi Hong-Hi, know
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ing, as it is successful kicks that
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plexus, and ribs; and groin protect
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emphasis is placed on tournament fi
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Group practice of taijiquan in Beij
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Yang Chengfu made the form smooth,
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powerful larger, sweeping, striking
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tablished. The earth’s energy/for
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Choreographed two-person sets are a
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———. 1983. T’ai-Chi Touchst
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Two Kachin tribesmen near Bhamo, My
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Branches of Thaing Bandô, the most
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Outside Myanmar, thaing is represen
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martial art. As a result, its metho
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Advanced acrobatic and sword skills
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and those warriors who possess this
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Doshi, Saryu, ed. 1989. Dances of M
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Practitioners of kendô, the Japane
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Varma Ati Tamil term literally tran
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in this system. There are three set
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One day [Chattambi Swamigal] was on
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vinam’s popularity is demonstrate
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1964, Viet Vo Dao was added to the
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senior master of Vovinam. Worldwide
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660 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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662 Warrior Monks, Japanese/Sôhei
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664 Wing Chun Ch’uan Renondeau, G
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666 Women in the Martial Arts ity o
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A depiction of the mighty female wa
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670 Women in the Martial Arts About
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672 Women in the Martial Arts About
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674 Women in the Martial Arts boxin
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676 Women in the Martial Arts named
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678 Women in the Martial Arts weak
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680 Women in the Martial Arts in wh
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682 Women in the Martial Arts Freem
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Yip, Chun, with Danny Connor. 1993.
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Women boxers in Washington, ca. 197
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participation and success by women
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A woman in Beijing performing a wus
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692 Women in the Martial Arts: Japa
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706 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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708 Wrestling and Grappling: China
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710 Wrestling and Grappling: Europe
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720 Wrestling and Grappling: India
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728 Wrestling and Grappling: Japan
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736 Wrestling, Professional In Irel
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738 Wrestling, Professional Russian
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740 Wrestling, Professional les and
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742 Wrestling, Professional 1987 th
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744 Wrestling, Professional Editors
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746 Written Texts: China ual change
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748 Written Texts: China See also B
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750 Written Texts: India of local m
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752 Written Texts: India Beginning
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754 Written Texts: India sourcebook
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756 Written Texts: India skritized
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758 Written Texts: Japan Hart, Geor
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Early-fourteenth-century scroll fra
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762 Written Texts: Japan ture of he
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764 Written Texts: Japan of them ha
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766 Written Texts: Japan inkblots w
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768 Written Texts: Japan the develo
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770 Written Texts: Japan Suzuki, Da
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772 Written Texts: Japan
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Xingyiquan (Hsing I Ch’uan) Of th
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A student practices xingyiquan at t
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Tang, Sun Lu. 1993. Xing Yi Quan Xu
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Undated photo of the legendary Gran
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784 Yongchun/Wing Chun changer). Ch
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786 Yongchun/Wing Chun Green, Thoma
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About 1500 B.C. Near the ford at Ja
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About 460 B.C. The Hellenic histori
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141 cont. animals themselves, the a
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Eighth century Vishnaivite monks li
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Tenth century A Punjabi weaver call
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1077 The Song-dynasty scholar Zhao
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1191 Chinese mathematicians start e
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About 1345 cont. on the fifth hour
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1416 cont. Chinese destroyed it in
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About 1540 East Asian patent medici
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1570 By doing single backward aeria
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1624 Needing sugar to make their gi
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1671 cont. tradition his discussion
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About 1755 Toward reducing the risk
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1780 cont. though they worked well,
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About 1830 Irish immigrants introdu
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1858 On October 13, an Austin, Texa
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1881 The Japanese army replaces neo
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1911 soldier with patriotic conform
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1932 An El Paso saddler named Sam M
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1952 cont. progress. Therefore the
Page 860 and 861:
Alter, Joseph S. 1992. The Wrestler
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Gies, Frances, and Joseph Gies. 199
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Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. 1973. The
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Runciman, Stephen. 1980. The First
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AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union ABA
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and spiritual development: Japan Ar
Page 873 and 874:
Bond, James, 89 Bonebreaking (hakih
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Cambodia, 541-542 history of, 541-5
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Choi Yong-Shul, 157, 159, 160, 296
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Dandi, 176 Dang Vu Hy, 652 Dangals,
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Espada y daga, 560 Espinosa, Leo, 5
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Fundai, 188 Funeral games, 788 Fune
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Guts Muths, Johann, 816 Gymnasiums,
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and dueling, 99-100 and social uses
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and battle, engaging in, 193 and Br
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303, 445-446, 478-479, 768, 822, 82
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Kobayashi Seiko, 702 Kobudô, 823 K
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Emperor Li Tsun-I, 23-24 Li Yiyu, 6
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May Day, 801 Maybray, John C., 738
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Motobu Chôyû, 258, 365 Motte, Mad
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Nomi-no-Sukune, 729 Nonaction (wuwe
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Oshchepkov, Vasilij Sergevich, 88,
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Popes and dueling, 105 Popular pres
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Ring names, 808 Ringeck, Sigmund, 3
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Self-Defense Krav Maga, 310 Self-De
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Song Shuming, 824 Song Tŏk-ki, 604
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and gladiators, 142 in Japan, 478-4
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Temple guardians, 794 Temple of Ang
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Tyrs, Miroslav, 820 Tyson, Mike, 74
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Weapons and Africa, 1-3 and aikidô
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and tournaments, 706 and training,
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Yang Aner, 691 Yang Banhou, 620-621
Page 925:
About the Author Thomas A. Green ea
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