Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
236 Karate, Japanese pseudonym, Shôtô (Pine Wave). Realizing that language is culture, Funakoshi Gichin gave the various Shuri-di kata new Japanese names. Chinto kata became Gankaku (Crane on a Rock), Jitte became Jutte (Ten Hands), Kusanku became Kankû (To Look at the Sky), Naihanchi became Tekki (Horse Riding), Pinan became Heian (Peaceful Mind), Patsai became Bassai (To Penetrate a Fortress), Seisan became Hangetsu (Crescent Moon), Useishi became Gôjûshihô (Fifty-four Steps), and Wansu became Empi (Flying Swallow). Funakoshi introduced the Taikyoku (Grand Ultimate) kata as beginning forms, and the Ten no Kata (Kata of the Universe) as a beginning kumite (sparring) form. As the names of these kata imply, however, the principles contained within them are subjects for continual study. Funakoshi Gichin’s son, Funakoshi Yoshitaka (Gigô), made modifications in the basic techniques (kihon). The side kick (yoko-geri), back kick (ushiro-geri), and round kick (mawashi-geri) were added to the style; the kicking knee was raised; stances became lower; and thrusting with the hips was greatly emphasized. This innovative attitude reflected the views of Funakoshi Gichin, who believed that karate should evolve as human knowledge progressed. In 1949 the Nippon Karate Kyôkai (Japan Karate Association, JKA) was formed. Funakoshi Gichin was honorary chief instructor, Obata Isao was chairman, and Nakayama Masatoshi was the chief instructor. The JKA continues research into the art and science of karate, building upon the philosophy of its founder. Ôtsuka Hironori (1892–1982) began his martial arts training in Ibaraki, Japan, where he studied Shindô Yôshin-ryû jûjutsu under Nakayama Shinzaburô, a style that incorporated various strikes and kicks as well as the conventional jûjutsu nage-waza (throws) and ne-waza (ground techniques). Ôtsuka received the menkyo kaiden (certificate of full proficiency) in the Shindô Yôshin-ryû in 1920, succeeding Nakayama and becoming the fourth headmaster of the ryûha. While attending Waseda University, Ôtsuka studied other forms of jûjutsu and kenpô. Ôtsuka met Funakoshi Gichin in 1922. Impressed by Ôtsuka’s dedication to the martial arts and interest in karate, Funakoshi taught Ôtsuka his Shuri-di system. Combining the karate that he learned from Funakoshi and Mabuni Kenwa (of the Shitô-ryû) with various jûjutsu, Toda-ryû, and Yagyû Shinkage-ryû kenjutsu techniques and concepts, Ôtsuka broke away from the Shôtôkan in 1934 and formed a style that would eventually be known as Wadô (Way of Peace). Wadô was officially recognized as a ryûha by the Dainippon Butokukai in 1940 under the title Shinshû Wadô jûjutsu. Wadôryû uses nine basic kata: Pinan 1–5, Naihanchi, Kusanku, Seishan (Seisan), and Chinto. Ôtsuka also developed a series of yakusoku kumite (prearranged sparring sets) for further study. In 1972, Ôtsuka Hironori was awarded the title of meijin (Excellent Martial Artist of Tenth Dan) in
Left: Practitioners of Japanese karate utilize hard and fast infighting techniques in jiyû-kumite. Right: Ippon kumite is practiced as a part of the basic curriculum of Japanese karate. (Courtesy of Ron Mottern) Karate-dô by the Kokusai Budôin (International Martial Arts Federation). Ôtsuka Jirô, Hironori’s second son, assumed the leadership of the Wadôryû after his father’s death. Mabuni Kenwa (1889–1952) studied Shuri-di under Ankô Itosu (Yasutsune). After studying Shuri-di for some time, Itosu suggested that Mabuni train at the same time with Higashionna (Higaonna) Kanryô in the Naha-di system. Mabuni trained with both Itosu and Higashionna until their deaths in 1915. Mabuni also studied martial arts with Arakaki Seisho and the White Crane instructor Gô Kenki (Okinawan; pinyin Wu Xiangui). In the 1920s, Mabuni traveled to Japan several times, where he participated in public demonstrations of karate. Mabuni taught for a time in Tokyo at the Ryôbukan of Konishi Yasuhiro, a ranking member of the Butokukai, and eventually moved his family to Ôsaka, where he established a dôjô (training hall) in 1929. In 1933, Mabuni’s system was registered with the Dainippon Butokukai as Shitô-ryû. Shitô is a contraction of the names of Mabuni’s primary karate instructors, Itosu and Higashionna. Rendered into the Chinese on-yomi, Itô-Higa is read as Shi-Tô. Mabuni Kenwa structured an official curriculum for the Shitô-ryû that included standardized Karate, Japanese 237
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236 Karate, Japanese<br />
pseudonym, Shôtô (Pine Wave). Realizing that language is culture, Funakoshi<br />
Gichin gave the various Shuri-di kata new Japanese names. Chinto<br />
kata became Gankaku (Crane on a Rock), Jitte became Jutte (Ten Hands),<br />
Kusanku became Kankû (To Look at the Sky), Naihanchi became Tekki<br />
(Horse Riding), Pinan became Heian (Peaceful Mind), Patsai became Bassai<br />
(To Penetrate a Fortress), Seisan became Hangetsu (Crescent Moon),<br />
Useishi became Gôjûshihô (Fifty-four Steps), and Wansu became Empi<br />
(Flying Swallow). Funakoshi introduced the Taikyoku (Grand Ultimate)<br />
kata as beginning forms, and the Ten no Kata (Kata of the Universe) as a<br />
beginning kumite (sparring) form. As the names of these kata imply, however,<br />
the principles contained within them are subjects for continual study.<br />
Funakoshi Gichin’s son, Funakoshi Yoshitaka (Gigô), made modifications<br />
in the basic techniques (kihon). <strong>The</strong> side kick (yoko-geri), back kick<br />
(ushiro-geri), and round kick (mawashi-geri) were added to the style; the<br />
kicking knee was raised; stances became lower; and thrusting with the hips<br />
was greatly emphasized. This innovative attitude reflected the views of Funakoshi<br />
Gichin, who believed that karate should evolve as human knowledge<br />
progressed. In 1949 the Nippon Karate Kyôkai (Japan Karate Association,<br />
JKA) was formed. Funakoshi Gichin was honorary chief instructor,<br />
Obata Isao was chairman, and Nakayama Masatoshi was the chief instructor.<br />
<strong>The</strong> JKA continues research into the art and science of karate,<br />
building upon the philosophy of its founder.<br />
Ôtsuka Hironori (1892–1982) began his martial arts training in<br />
Ibaraki, Japan, where he studied Shindô Yôshin-ryû jûjutsu under<br />
Nakayama Shinzaburô, a style that incorporated various strikes and kicks<br />
as well as the conventional jûjutsu nage-waza (throws) and ne-waza<br />
(ground techniques). Ôtsuka received the menkyo kaiden (certificate of full<br />
proficiency) in the Shindô Yôshin-ryû in 1920, succeeding Nakayama and<br />
becoming the fourth headmaster of the ryûha. While attending Waseda<br />
University, Ôtsuka studied other forms of jûjutsu and kenpô. Ôtsuka met<br />
Funakoshi Gichin in 1922. Impressed by Ôtsuka’s dedication to the martial<br />
arts and interest in karate, Funakoshi taught Ôtsuka his Shuri-di system.<br />
Combining the karate that he learned from Funakoshi and Mabuni<br />
Kenwa (of the Shitô-ryû) with various jûjutsu, Toda-ryû, and Yagyû Shinkage-ryû<br />
kenjutsu techniques and concepts, Ôtsuka broke away from the<br />
Shôtôkan in 1934 and formed a style that would eventually be known as<br />
Wadô (Way of Peace). Wadô was officially recognized as a ryûha by the<br />
Dainippon Butokukai in 1940 under the title Shinshû Wadô jûjutsu. Wadôryû<br />
uses nine basic kata: Pinan 1–5, Naihanchi, Kusanku, Seishan (Seisan),<br />
and Chinto. Ôtsuka also developed a series of yakusoku kumite (prearranged<br />
sparring sets) for further study. In 1972, Ôtsuka Hironori was<br />
awarded the title of meijin (Excellent <strong>Martial</strong> Artist of Tenth Dan) in