Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
220 Kajukenbo Joseph Holck, a black belt in Kôdôkan Jûdô and Danzan-ryû (Kodenkan) Jûjutsu. Jûdô was created in Japan by Kanô Jigorô in 1882. Danzan-ryû Jûjutsu was founded by H. Seishiro Okazaki, a Japanese immigrant to Hawaii, in 1924. Frank F. Ordonez contributed elements of Sekeino Jûjutsu to the new system; the origin of this style of jûjutsu is obscure. Adriano D. Emperado added kenpô to the Kajukenbo arsenal. Kenpô, commonly translated as “law of the fist” because of its reliance on atemi (Japanese; striking techniques), is said to be of Chinese origin. Tradition holds that the twenty-eighth patriarch of Buddhism, Bodhidharma (Daruma in Japanese), brought Shôrinji Kempô (Japanese; Shaolin Boxing) from India to China in the early sixth century A.D. Kenpô was introduced to Japan (Okinawa) during the Kamakura period (1192–1333). Emperado had learned kenpô from William K. S. Chow (in the form of Kara-hô Kenpô) and James M. Mitose (in the form of Koshô-ryû Kempô-Jujitsu, known as “Old Pine Tree Style”). Mitose was the twenty-first consecutive bloodline kenpô master. Adriano left Chow’s tutelage in 1946. Adriano’s brother Joe and his sister DeChi also studied under Chow and were later to play important roles in the history of Kajukenbo. Adriano Emperado also contributed the European boxing he had learned from his natural father, Johnny “Bulldog” Emperado, and Filipino escrima (i.e., fencing), a martial art of the Philippine archipelago, which he had learned from his stepfather, Alfred Peralta. As has been noted, boxing came to Kajukenbo from a number of sources. Peter Choo was a welterweight champion and Marino Tiwanak—flyweight boxing champion of Hawaii, one of the first students of Kajukenbo, and first recipient of a black belt in the art—obviously brought a strong European boxing component to the art as did Adriano Emperado. The other boxing influence was Chinese boxing, the striking arts popularly labeled kung fu, contributed by George C. Chang. The tradition of Kajukenbo is based upon Hawaiian culture, where family comes first. In keeping with this value, there is a modern Black Belt Society that meets annually on Father’s Day to celebrate Adriano D. Emperado’s birthday on June 15. This family reunion allows practitioners of Emperado’s Method to gather for seminars, tournament competition, and a ritual luau (Hawaiian festival). Kajukenbo practitioners wear black kimono as uniforms. The colors used symbolically by the system are black, red, and white. In 1965, a coat of arms was created, with a white clover as the central feature. This symbol refers to the Old Pine Tree Style of kenpô-jûjutsu. Adherents of the Kajukenbo Self-Defense Institute (KSDI) practice Emperado’s Method, which is based on kenpô. According to Emperado, the sole purpose of Kajukenbo is self-defense. Nevertheless, Kajukenbo competitors can play exceptionally well in open tournaments against other martial arts styles, due to their abil-
ity to adapt themselves to any rules of engagement in the arena. For example, Kajukenbo practitioners compete in sport jûjutsu in their annual tournament, following the increased popularity of grappling arts during the 1990s. Kajukenbo utilizes a dual rank system, blended from Japanese/Korean and Chinese grading systems. First, there is a belt ranking system proceeding from the lowest rank of white, progressing through purple, brown, black, and finally red. Some schools add an orange belt after the white belt and a green belt after the blue belt. Traditionally, five years are required to progress from white belt to black belt. Black belts are ranked from first through fifth degrees. At sixth through tenth degrees, red belts are worn. The founders hold tenth degree ranking and wear red and gold belts. The second set of categories is based on the Chinese model of ranking by means of kinship titles. The Cantonese term sifu (pinyin shifu; teacher, literally father) is the title awarded to holders of the fifth degree black belt, but this term traditionally refers to any instructor, regardless of rank, among Chinese systems. Sigung (pinyin shigong; teacher’s teacher, literally grandfather) is the title awarded to the sixth and seventh degree ranks. They usually wear red and white belts in Japanese tradition. In the 1990s, the title of professor was awarded to certain eighth and ninth degrees. Only the five founders retain the title sijo (pinyin shizu). Sibak (pinyin shibo) is the title for a student, usually a black belt, who studies directly with a founder. Unlike many Chinese martial arts, Kajukenbo does not use the term for student, toedai (pinyin tudi), nor does it use the familial term for co-students, sihing (pinyin shixiong). During the Korean War (1950–1953), four cofounders, Choo, Ordonez, Holck, and Chang, left Hawaii for military duty, leaving Emperado to teach Kajukenbo with his younger brother Joe and his sister DeChi. In 1965, the Emperado family incorporated as the Kajukenbo Self-Defense Institute (KSDI) in Honolulu. This organization became the vehicle for spreading Kajukenbo to the mainland. Kajukenbo was taught to military men in Hawaii, who afterward spread this uniquely American martial art all over the world. Although kenpô continues to represent the trunk of the system, Kajukenbo ultimately produced three branches: Tum Pai, ch’uan’fa, and Wun Hop Kuen Do. Adriano D. Emperado developed Tum Pai in 1959 by adding taijiquan (tai chi ch’uan). Incidentally, there is an Emperado “Tai Chi,” which is a formal exercise that implements the “alphabet” of selfdefense patterns for Kajukenbo. Jon A. Loren now heads up Tum Pai. Emperado also developed ch’uan’fa in 1965. This so-called soft style, because it relies on parries rather than blocks, blended Northern and Southern Shaolin Boxing. Ch’uan’fa (pinyin quanfa) means “Fist Way” in Chi- Kajukenbo 221
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220 Kajukenbo<br />
Joseph Holck, a black belt in Kôdôkan Jûdô and Danzan-ryû (Kodenkan)<br />
Jûjutsu. Jûdô was created in Japan by Kanô Jigorô in 1882. Danzan-ryû<br />
Jûjutsu was founded by H. Seishiro Okazaki, a Japanese immigrant to<br />
Hawaii, in 1924. Frank F. Ordonez contributed elements of Sekeino Jûjutsu<br />
to the new system; the origin of this style of jûjutsu is obscure. Adriano D.<br />
Emperado added kenpô to the Kajukenbo arsenal. Kenpô, commonly<br />
translated as “law of the fist” because of its reliance on atemi (Japanese;<br />
striking techniques), is said to be of Chinese origin. Tradition holds that the<br />
twenty-eighth patriarch of Buddhism, Bodhidharma (Daruma in Japanese),<br />
brought Shôrinji Kempô (Japanese; Shaolin Boxing) from India to China in<br />
the early sixth century A.D. Kenpô was introduced to Japan (Okinawa) during<br />
the Kamakura period (1192–1333). Emperado had learned kenpô from<br />
William K. S. Chow (in the form of Kara-hô Kenpô) and James M. Mitose<br />
(in the form of Koshô-ryû Kempô-Jujitsu, known as “Old Pine Tree Style”).<br />
Mitose was the twenty-first consecutive bloodline kenpô master. Adriano<br />
left Chow’s tutelage in 1946. Adriano’s brother Joe and his sister DeChi<br />
also studied under Chow and were later to play important roles in the history<br />
of Kajukenbo. Adriano Emperado also contributed the European boxing<br />
he had learned from his natural father, Johnny “Bulldog” Emperado,<br />
and Filipino escrima (i.e., fencing), a martial art of the Philippine archipelago,<br />
which he had learned from his stepfather, Alfred Peralta. As has been<br />
noted, boxing came to Kajukenbo from a number of sources. Peter Choo<br />
was a welterweight champion and Marino Tiwanak—flyweight boxing<br />
champion of Hawaii, one of the first students of Kajukenbo, and first recipient<br />
of a black belt in the art—obviously brought a strong European<br />
boxing component to the art as did Adriano Emperado. <strong>The</strong> other boxing<br />
influence was Chinese boxing, the striking arts popularly labeled kung fu,<br />
contributed by George C. Chang.<br />
<strong>The</strong> tradition of Kajukenbo is based upon Hawaiian culture, where<br />
family comes first. In keeping with this value, there is a modern Black Belt<br />
Society that meets annually on Father’s Day to celebrate Adriano D. Emperado’s<br />
birthday on June 15. This family reunion allows practitioners of<br />
Emperado’s Method to gather for seminars, tournament competition, and<br />
a ritual luau (Hawaiian festival).<br />
Kajukenbo practitioners wear black kimono as uniforms. <strong>The</strong> colors<br />
used symbolically by the system are black, red, and white. In 1965, a coat<br />
of arms was created, with a white clover as the central feature. This symbol<br />
refers to the Old Pine Tree Style of kenpô-jûjutsu. Adherents of the Kajukenbo<br />
Self-Defense Institute (KSDI) practice Emperado’s Method, which<br />
is based on kenpô. According to Emperado, the sole purpose of Kajukenbo<br />
is self-defense. Nevertheless, Kajukenbo competitors can play exceptionally<br />
well in open tournaments against other martial arts styles, due to their abil-