Martial Arts Of The World - Webs

Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs

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A photo of the women’s section at the Kôdôkan dôjô, 1935. Kanô Jigorô is seated at the center and K. Fukuda is kneeling in the front row, third from the left. (Courtesy of Joe Svinth) 212 Jûdô came from Yôshin-ryû and became Kanô’s right-hand assistant. Certainly the most dramatic instance of the latter came with the “great tournament” of 1886, a jûjutsu competition in which Kanô’s school (represented by Yamashita and some other highly skilled students) scored decisive victories over prominent and long-established jûjutsu styles. After this tournament, Kôdôkan Jûdô enjoyed increasing levels of governmental support, and was eventually (in 1908) even made a required subject in Japanese schools. This was especially gratifying to Kanô, whose intended focus was on character development for the succeeding generations rather than simple martial prowess for a selected elite. Even before the turn of the century, jûdô had also attracted attention overseas. Stories of the prowess of jûjutsu practitioners had circulated in the West since the opening of Japan in the mid-nineteenth century. Now a new form of this art had arisen, and it was not only shorn of the feudal secrecy that tended to shield jûjutsu from Western eyes, but was being developed and promoted by a fluent English speaker well versed in Western educational thought. Thus, jûdô was the first Oriental martial art to be truly accessible to the West, and it caused an immediate sensation upon reaching foreign shores.

Naturally, it was immediately compared and contrasted with the unarmed combative sports most common in the West, boxing and wrestling, and early jûdô manuals in English devote much space to instructions on countering these methods. “Challenge matches” were not uncommon in the early days of Western jûdô, and since these matches were not overwhelmingly decided for or against any of the sports, speculation (informed or otherwise) on the relative merits of the methods was even more common. Matters were complicated further by a certain confusion about the distinction between jûdô and jûjutsu, with practitioners of either using both terms freely. Yoshiaka Yamashita, still Kanô’s senior student at the turn of the century, was one of jûdô’s pioneers in the West. No less a personage than the American president Theodore Roosevelt (a lifelong enthusiast of combative sports) requested a jûdô instructor in 1904, and this prestigious duty fell to Yamashita, who was already touring the United States. Roosevelt was a good student and an influential voice in support of the new sport, and his studies (coinciding with much American and British sympathy for Japan in the Russo-Japanese War) helped ignite the first Oriental martial arts boom in the English-speaking world. For many years jûdô remained the dominant Oriental martial art outside the East and was in fact often incorrectly used as a catchall term for unfamiliar forms of Asian fighting. Jûdô was uniquely suited to dissemination across cultures, and in Japan Kanô was pioneering the dissemination of jûdô in another direction as well. Joshi jûdô (women’s jûdô) began with his acceptance of his first female student in 1883. Over the following years, a Women’s Section of the Kôdôkan, with its own separate syllabus and eventually with women’s sport competitions, developed. Kanô is said to have commented that the Women’s Section preserved more of his intentions for jûdô, with its lesser emphasis on competition. The growing emphasis on sport jûdô probably occasioned this comment. The evolution of mainstream jûdô has progressed steadily in the direction of competitive sport in the manner of Western wrestling, much to the chagrin of many instructors. An Olympic event since 1964, jûdô is often coached today simply as an athletic activity, without regard to Kanô’s principles of strategy or character development or to martial arts applications outside the set of techniques useful in competition. However, Kôdôkan Jûdô retains its traditional elements, including all seven divisions of technique. These include, of course, the throws, immobilizations, and chokes (nage-waza, osae-waza, and shime-waza), but also dislocations and strikes (kansetsu-waza and ate-waza), formal exercises (kata), and resuscitation methods (kappô). Jûdô ranking (indicated by the color of belt worn with the traditional dôgi [training uniform]) is depen- Jûdô 213

A photo of the women’s section at the Kôdôkan dôjô, 1935. Kanô Jigorô is seated at the center and K. Fukuda is<br />

kneeling in the front row, third from the left. (Courtesy of Joe Svinth)<br />

212 Jûdô<br />

came from Yôshin-ryû and became Kanô’s right-hand assistant. Certainly<br />

the most dramatic instance of the latter came with the “great tournament”<br />

of 1886, a jûjutsu competition in which Kanô’s school (represented by Yamashita<br />

and some other highly skilled students) scored decisive victories<br />

over prominent and long-established jûjutsu styles.<br />

After this tournament, Kôdôkan Jûdô enjoyed increasing levels of<br />

governmental support, and was eventually (in 1908) even made a required<br />

subject in Japanese schools. This was especially gratifying to Kanô, whose<br />

intended focus was on character development for the succeeding generations<br />

rather than simple martial prowess for a selected elite.<br />

Even before the turn of the century, jûdô had also attracted attention<br />

overseas. Stories of the prowess of jûjutsu practitioners had circulated in<br />

the West since the opening of Japan in the mid-nineteenth century. Now a<br />

new form of this art had arisen, and it was not only shorn of the feudal secrecy<br />

that tended to shield jûjutsu from Western eyes, but was being developed<br />

and promoted by a fluent English speaker well versed in Western educational<br />

thought. Thus, jûdô was the first Oriental martial art to be truly<br />

accessible to the West, and it caused an immediate sensation upon reaching<br />

foreign shores.

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