Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
Martial Arts Of The World - Webs Martial Arts Of The World - Webs
192 Japan much influence on the production of the common bow. It is also surprising that the Japanese did not borrow the more advanced technology for producing the Mongolian bow and that there is no evidence of extensive use of any other type of bow, including the Great Bow (Ôyumi) and the crossbow, after the ninth century. Using the same materials for making the long common bow, the Japanese also produced the half-size bow (hankyû) that was designed for close-range encounters or narrow areas, and was to be used by foot soldiers. The use of the hankyû was most common among those involved in covert warfare during the sixteenth century. Equal in importance to bladed weapons and bows were the importation and later the production of firearms. The governor of Tanegashima, Tanegashima Tokitaka, who was quite fascinated by the new technology, bought the first two rifles from the Portuguese in 1543. Yet, full recognition of the battlefield advantages of firearms occurred only thirty-two years later when Oda Nobunaga used well-armed and trained units to win the battle of Nagashino. In fact, it was Nobunaga who established the first method of firing in battle, even before the Europeans. The introduction of firearm technology proved to be a decisive factor in the direction Japanese society and politics were to take. It was arguably an important contribution to the successful pacification of Japan by Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who, although they did not desert the use of swords, made extensive use of firearms. Unfortunately for the Japanese warriors, three centuries later when the American commodore Perry arrived with an armada of battleships, the Japanese found out that their firearms were outdated and were no match for modern guns and cannons. This inferiority, which they unsuccessfully attempted to overcome in a hurry, eventually created political turmoil and the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate, bringing to an end seven hundred years of military dominance. In addition to the weapons mentioned above, it is important to point out that the arsenal of weapons and tools included much more. Before the Tokugawa period, Japanese warriors developed special weapons with some sort of a blade to which an iron ball or ring was attached by a chain. Special battlefield tools were designed to break down doors, others to climb walls, and still others to cross water barriers. Individual warriors used hidden weapons of many sorts, such as hidden blades, spikes, and projectiles. Among the weapons that were used since the ancient period and that gained popularity during the Tokugawa period were those designed to subdue an opponent. These usually consisted of a long pole, at the end of which there was attached some kind of a device for grabbing an attacker’s helmet, armor, or clothes. Other such poles were designed to pin down a violent opponent by locking the neck or limbs. Tokugawa policemen whose main duty was to catch criminals made extensive use of such weapons. In
fact, some of these weapons were converted to modern use and are currently part of standard equipment for riot police units. Engaging in Battle Engaging in battle has always been a distinct part of warfare in Japan. Historians identify two general types of engagements: predetermined battle and surprise attack. The predetermined battle theoretically included five stages, as follows: the setting of the time and place, exchange of envoys to declare each side’s intention to engage in battle, exchange of humming arrows (kaburaya) to mark the beginning of battle, massive exchange of arrows between the armies while advancing toward each other, and close combat using swords and daggers while occasionally utilizing grappling techniques. However, most battles were probably conducted without formal exchanges. That is, the armies met on the battlefield and exchanged humming arrows as a marker to their own troops to begin shooting arrows. Then they closed distance until they engaged in close combat using bladed weapons. Military confrontations according to these stages continued even during the Sengoku period, with some variations resulting from changing attitudes and technology. Surprise attacks, on the other hand, relied heavily on preliminary intelligence gathering concerning the exact location of the enemy’s forces, number of warriors, terrain, and equipment. These attacks were commonly carried out at night or early dawn and were led by warriors who rushed to be first in battle, as such an initiative was highly regarded and well rewarded. Another characteristic of the surprise attack was the relatively small number of troops participating in it. Rarely were many troops involved in a surprise attack. Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s midnight march, in which he led his army without letting them take a rest so that they could surprise their enemy, who expected to meet them in battle much later, is a good example of the surprise attack. Other confrontations, especially in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, relied on siege tactics, but the two important stages of engaging at a distance followed by close combat seem to have otherwise been the common practice. Traits of the Warrior Having been professional warriors whose livelihood depended on performing duties in the service of a lord and having their status and income determined by how well they performed these duties, Japanese warriors developed a culture in which loyalty to one’s lord and parents and bravery in battle were highly esteemed ideals. Those warriors who followed their lord’s command without hesitation or were first to rush and engage in battle (senjin) with the enemy were highly praised and sometimes well rewarded. Japan 193
- Page 162 and 163: 142 Gladiators in every province of
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- Page 174 and 175: 154 Gunfighters fine art” (Cunnin
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- Page 179 and 180: and kyûdô (Japanese Archery). Kor
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- Page 199 and 200: Japan The historical development an
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- Page 211: improve their arsenal of weapons us
- Page 215 and 216: The periodic emphasis on the ideal
- Page 217 and 218: of the bloody Ônin War (1467-1477)
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192 Japan<br />
much influence on the production of the common bow. It is also surprising<br />
that the Japanese did not borrow the more advanced technology for producing<br />
the Mongolian bow and that there is no evidence of extensive use<br />
of any other type of bow, including the Great Bow (Ôyumi) and the crossbow,<br />
after the ninth century. Using the same materials for making the long<br />
common bow, the Japanese also produced the half-size bow (hankyû) that<br />
was designed for close-range encounters or narrow areas, and was to be<br />
used by foot soldiers. <strong>The</strong> use of the hankyû was most common among<br />
those involved in covert warfare during the sixteenth century.<br />
Equal in importance to bladed weapons and bows were the importation<br />
and later the production of firearms. <strong>The</strong> governor of Tanegashima,<br />
Tanegashima Tokitaka, who was quite fascinated by the new technology,<br />
bought the first two rifles from the Portuguese in 1543. Yet, full recognition<br />
of the battlefield advantages of firearms occurred only thirty-two years later<br />
when Oda Nobunaga used well-armed and trained units to win the battle<br />
of Nagashino. In fact, it was Nobunaga who established the first method of<br />
firing in battle, even before the Europeans. <strong>The</strong> introduction of firearm<br />
technology proved to be a decisive factor in the direction Japanese society<br />
and politics were to take. It was arguably an important contribution to the<br />
successful pacification of Japan by Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi,<br />
and Tokugawa Ieyasu, who, although they did not desert the use of swords,<br />
made extensive use of firearms. Unfortunately for the Japanese warriors,<br />
three centuries later when the American commodore Perry arrived with an<br />
armada of battleships, the Japanese found out that their firearms were outdated<br />
and were no match for modern guns and cannons. This inferiority,<br />
which they unsuccessfully attempted to overcome in a hurry, eventually created<br />
political turmoil and the downfall of the Tokugawa shogunate, bringing<br />
to an end seven hundred years of military dominance.<br />
In addition to the weapons mentioned above, it is important to point<br />
out that the arsenal of weapons and tools included much more. Before the<br />
Tokugawa period, Japanese warriors developed special weapons with some<br />
sort of a blade to which an iron ball or ring was attached by a chain. Special<br />
battlefield tools were designed to break down doors, others to climb<br />
walls, and still others to cross water barriers. Individual warriors used hidden<br />
weapons of many sorts, such as hidden blades, spikes, and projectiles.<br />
Among the weapons that were used since the ancient period and that<br />
gained popularity during the Tokugawa period were those designed to subdue<br />
an opponent. <strong>The</strong>se usually consisted of a long pole, at the end of<br />
which there was attached some kind of a device for grabbing an attacker’s<br />
helmet, armor, or clothes. Other such poles were designed to pin down a<br />
violent opponent by locking the neck or limbs. Tokugawa policemen whose<br />
main duty was to catch criminals made extensive use of such weapons. In